UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 26th July 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Environment

Ramsar COP15 Opens in Zimbabwe

Source: DTE

Delegates from 172 countries gathered in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, for the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP15) to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. This event highlights global efforts to address wetland conservation.

Key Takeaways

• Theme: Protecting Wetlands for Our Common Future
• Host Nation: Zimbabwe, which holds the presidency of the Ramsar Convention for three years
• Expected Outcome: Adoption of the Victoria Falls Declaration, a global framework aimed at protecting wetlands

Additional Details

• About the Ramsar Convention: Adopted on 2 February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, the convention's objective is to conserve and ensure the wise use of wetlands worldwide.
• Key Functions:
  • Identify wetlands of international importance
  • Promote sustainable management practices
  • Foster international cooperation in wetland conservation
• Governing Body: The Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP) meets every few years to review implementation, adopt site designations, budgets, and policy actions. It includes member and non-member states, as well as IGOs and NGOs as observers.
• Criteria for Ramsar Site Designation:A wetland must meet at least one of the following nine criteria:
  • Unique or rare wetland type
  • Habitat for endangered, vulnerable, or endemic species
  • Crucial for migratory waterbirds
  • High ecological, hydrological, or biodiversity value
  • Supports ecosystem services (e.g., flood control, water purification)
  • Provides cultural or spiritual value
  • Serves sustainable community livelihoods
  • Holds scientific or educational importance
  • Requires global cooperation due to threats

India has been a part of the Ramsar Convention since 1 February 1982, with its first Ramsar site being Chilika Lake in Odisha, designated in 1981. As of July 2025, India has a total of 91 Ramsar sites, covering approximately 13.58 lakh hectares, which constitutes about 10% of India's wetland area. The top states with Ramsar sites include Tamil Nadu with 20 sites and Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites. Notably, India has never chaired a Ramsar COP session.

Global Snapshot and Other Facts

• Total Members: 171 countries
• Leading Countries:
  • United Kingdom: 175 sites (most)
  • Mexico: 142 sites
  • Bolivia: Largest area (~1.48 lakh sq. km under protection)
• World Wetlands Day: Celebrated annually on 2 February
• Montreux Record: A register for Ramsar sites under serious threat requiring urgent conservation

Consider the following statements:

1. Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory for the Government of India to protect and conserve all wetlands in the territory of India.

2. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of the Ramsar Convention.

3. These Rules also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

GS1/History & Culture

150 Years of Jim Corbett

Source: TOI

As India commemorates the 150th birth anniversary of Jim Corbett (1875–2025), there is an opportunity to reflect on his multifaceted legacy as a hunter, naturalist, author, and conservationist, after whom the renowned Corbett National Park is named.

Key Takeaways

• Jim Corbett, born Edward James Corbett, was a British hunter and renowned naturalist.
• He authored several famous books on wildlife and conservation.
• Corbett transitioned from hunting man-eating animals to advocating for wildlife conservation.
• In 1957, India’s first national park was renamed Jim Corbett National Park in his honor.

Additional Details

• Biography: Jim Corbett was born in 1875 and gained fame in Kumaon, where he hunted man-eating tigers and leopards.
• Famous Works: His notable publications include Man-Eaters of Kumaon, The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag, and Jungle Lore.
• Conservation Efforts: Corbett became increasingly concerned about the decline in tiger populations and deforestation, leading him to advocate for wildlife protection.
• Corbett National Park: Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, it was renamed in 1957 and plays a crucial role in conservation efforts.
• Geographical Significance: The park is located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand and is part of the Corbett Tiger Reserve.
• Biodiversity: The park hosts over 230 tigers, various species of deer, elephants, and a rich variety of flora and fauna.

Jim Corbett's legacy continues to influence wildlife conservation in India, making his life and work a critical part of the country’s ecological heritage.

GS3/Environment

Piratula acuminata: A New Spider Discovery in the Sundarbans

Source: Deccan Herald

Why in News?

Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have recently identified a new species of spider named Piratula acuminata on Sagar Island, located in the Sundarbans region. This discovery adds to the biodiversity knowledge of the area and highlights the unique species found within this ecological hotspot.

Key Takeaways

• Piratula acuminata is a newly discovered species of spider.
• It belongs to the family Lycosidae, commonly known as wolf spiders.
• This is the first recorded instance of the genus Piratula in India.
• The spider is characterized by its medium size, measuring approximately 8–10 millimeters in length.

Additional Details

• Habitat: This spider species was discovered specifically on Sagar Island in the Sundarbans, a region known for its rich biodiversity.
• Physical Description: Piratula acuminata features a pale creamy-white body adorned with brown and chalk-white spots on its abdomen, along with a pair of light brown stripes towards the rear.
• Behavior: Unlike web-building spiders, wolf spiders like Piratula acuminata are ground-dwelling predators that utilize ambush tactics to capture their prey.
• Geographical Significance: The genus Piratula is primarily found across Asia, with few occurrences in Europe and North America, making this discovery significant for Indian arachnology.

The identification of Piratula acuminata not only enriches the understanding of local biodiversity but also emphasizes the need for continued research and conservation efforts in the Sundarbans region.

GS3/Environment

Environmental Flow of the Ganga River

Source: PIB

Why in News?

Recently, a significant meeting chaired by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti focused on the environmental flow (e-flow) of the Ganga River and its tributaries, highlighting the urgency of addressing water management issues in India.

Key Takeaways

• Environmental flow (e-flow) is essential for sustaining freshwater ecosystems and supporting livelihoods dependent on these water resources.
• Indian rivers face severe ecological challenges due to dam constructions, pollution, and encroachments.
• The concept of e-flow emphasizes the necessity of maintaining a minimum flow of water to protect river health.

Additional Details

• Environmental Flow: Refers to the quantity, timing, and quality of water flow required to sustain freshwater ecosystems and the communities that rely on them.
• Challenges: Recent decades have seen extensive alterations in river flows due to activities like dam building and pollution, which disrupt the ecological balance.
• Significance: Maintaining e-flow is crucial for ecological integrity and offers substantial benefits to human welfare, particularly in regions where water use is heavily contested.
• E-flow studies focus on the habitat and flow needs of vital fish species to ensure the survival of aquatic life and maintain a balanced river system.
• Ensuring e-flow contributes to long-term ecological and economic advantages for society.

The meeting's discussions underscore the importance of implementing effective strategies to protect the Ganga River's environmental flow, thus ensuring the sustainability of its ecosystems and the communities that depend on them.

GS3/Defence & Security

Kargil, Pahalgam and a Revamp of the Security Strategy

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

July 26, 2025, marks the 26th anniversary of the Kargil War, a significant event in India’s military history that highlights ongoing security challenges and strategies against terrorism.

Key Takeaways

• Kargil War exposed critical shortcomings in India's military preparedness.
• India has shifted its counter-terrorism strategy significantly since the Kargil conflict.
• Recent operations like Sindoor reflect advancements in military capabilities.

Additional Details

• Intelligence Failure: The Kargil War revealed a critical lack of actionable intelligence, with neither RAW nor military intelligence forecasting the large-scale infiltration by Pakistani troops in the Kargil sector, leading to a delayed response.
• Lack of Real-time Surveillance: The absence of advanced aerial and satellite surveillance capabilities allowed Pakistani forces to occupy strategic heights unnoticed.
• Operational Unpreparedness: Indian troops faced challenges in high-altitude warfare due to inadequate training and equipment, such as lacking snow boots and high-altitude tents.
• Military Modernisation: The war highlighted the need for upgrading outdated weaponry and logistics, which hampered operations due to insufficient precision-guided munitions and night-vision equipment.

The Kargil War prompted significant military reforms in India, including the establishment of dedicated intelligence agencies such as the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), which improved surveillance and early-warning systems. There was a strong focus on indigenous defence production, with the induction of advanced equipment like Rafale fighters and BrahMos missiles, enhancing operational capability.

India’s counter-terror strategy has evolved from a phase of strategic restraint to a more proactive approach characterized by swift, punitive actions. The recent Operation Sindoor, launched in response to a terror attack in Pahalgam, involved precision strikes on multiple terror bases and military airbases in Pakistan, demonstrating India's enhanced military strength.

Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including persistent cross-border terrorism and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The Indian military must continue to modernize and adapt to emerging threats while promoting joint operations and strengthening both border and cyber security.

GS3/Environment

The Scientist Who Made ‘Mangroves’ a Buzzword

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Mangroves, once valued primarily by local communities for their resources, have gained global recognition for their crucial environmental roles. Their importance now encompasses disaster risk reduction, climate adaptation, carbon sequestration, and the protection of diverse shoreline habitats. This shift is largely credited to scientific research, policy changes, and the advocacy of figures like M.S. Swaminathan.

Key Takeaways

• Mangroves are recognized for their role in climate change mitigation and disaster resilience.
• The advocacy and research of M.S. Swaminathan have been pivotal in reshaping perceptions of mangroves.
• India has made significant strides in mangrove restoration and management since the late 20th century.

Additional Details

• M.S. Swaminathan: A prominent advocate for mangrove conservation, Swaminathan highlighted the ecological, economic, and social importance of mangroves, particularly in the face of climate change.
• International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME): Founded by Swaminathan, ISME has been instrumental in promoting global mangrove conservation efforts.
• Joint Mangrove Management Programme: This initiative emerged from participatory research, emphasizing community involvement in mangrove restoration.
• India's mangrove cover is currently 4,991.68 km², reflecting a positive trend due to science-based policies and collaborative efforts.

World Mangrove Day (July 26) serves as a reminder of the progress made in mangrove conservation and the ongoing need for collaborative efforts to ensure their protection as vital resources for environmental security and climate resilience.

GS2/Governance

Lokpal of India

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Lokpal of India, which serves as the nation's central anti-corruption ombudsman, is progressing towards filling 81 approved posts on a deputation basis.

Key Takeaways

• The Lokpal was initially proposed in 1966 to combat high-level corruption.
• Despite multiple attempts, Lokpal Bills introduced between 1971 and 2008 were not passed.
• The Jan Lokpal Movement in 2011, led by Anna Hazare, galvanized public support for a robust anti-corruption body.
• The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act was enacted in 2013, establishing the Lokpal formally in 2014.
• A significant organisational restructuring occurred in 2024 to address staffing shortages.

Additional Details

• Initial Proposal (1966): The concept of a Lokpal was first introduced by the First Administrative Reforms Commission to address corruption at high levels.
• Legislative Failures (1971–2008): Numerous Lokpal Bills were introduced in Parliament, but none succeeded in being enacted into law.
• Jan Lokpal Movement (2011): This nationwide agitation called for a more independent and powerful anti-corruption body, significantly affecting public opinion and political pressure.
• Formal Establishment (2014): The Lokpal of India was officially notified under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act on January 16, 2014.
• Recent Developments (2024): In response to increasing complaints and the need for more staff, 81 deputation posts were approved, pending future regular recruitment.

Overall, the Lokpal's evolution reflects India's ongoing struggle against corruption, with significant reforms and public movements shaping its current framework.

Comparative Overview: Lokpal vs. Lokayukta

UPSC 2025 Question

Consider the following statements about Lokpal:

• I. The power of Lokpal applies to public servants of India, but not to the Indian public servants posted outside India.
• II. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a Member of the Parliament or a Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory, and only the Chief Justice of India, whether incumbent or retired, has to be its Chairperson.
• III. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a person of less than forty-five years of age on the date of assuming office.
• IV. Lokpal cannot inquire into the allegations of corruption against a sitting Prime Minister of India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Options: (a) III only* (b) II and III (c) I and IV (d) None of the above statements is correct

Discussion Prompt (2013)

‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs.’ Discuss.

GS3/Defence & Security

Kargil, Pahalgam and A Revamp of the Security Strategy

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

As India commemorates the 26th anniversary of the Kargil War, it reflects on a pivotal military conflict that not only defined its strategic landscape but also left an indelible mark on the national psyche. The war, fought from May to July 1999 in the challenging terrains of Kashmir, was notable for being the first conflict in India broadcasted live, engaging millions in the stark realities of warfare. Recent incidents in Pahalgam in 2025 further underscore the ongoing relevance of the Kargil lessons in shaping India's approach to terrorism and cross-border threats, prompting a significant shift in its military doctrine and preparedness.

Key Takeaways

• The Kargil War highlighted India's vulnerabilities and led to significant military reforms.
• The establishment of new intelligence agencies was a direct response to the lessons learned from the conflict.
• India's security strategy has transitioned from passive deterrence to proactive defense in recent years.

Additional Details

• Kargil: A Watershed Moment: The war occurred shortly after India declared itself a nuclear power, creating a complex geopolitical environment. It revealed India's intelligence shortcomings and military unpreparedness, particularly in high-altitude warfare.
• Structural and Strategic Reforms Post-Kargil: The Kargil Review Committee's recommendations led to the establishment of the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) in 2002 and the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) in 2004, enhancing intelligence and military coordination.
• Military Modernisation and Self-Reliance: In response to the lack of reliable allies, India initiated comprehensive plans for military modernization, including the Cold Start Doctrine for rapid mobilization and indigenous weapon development.
• The Evolving Fight Against Terrorism: Following years of restraint against Pakistan-based terrorism, India's approach intensified post-2016, with surgical strikes and the Balakot airstrike marking a new phase of assertiveness.
• Pahalgam and Operation Sindoor: This operation marked a significant escalation in India's military response, targeting multiple terror bases and demonstrating a robust stance against cross-border terrorism.

The legacy of the Kargil War and the events in Pahalgam illustrate India's evolution from a hesitant military responder to a confident, self-reliant power. As the nation honors the sacrifices of its soldiers, it is crucial to maintain a commitment to vigilance and modernization to stay ahead of emerging threats in a volatile region.

GS2/International Relations

India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) - A Strategic Step in Bilateral Economic Cooperation

Source: Economic Times

Why in News?

This landmark agreement was signed by Prime Ministers Keir Starmer and Narendra Modi at Chequers, marking the largest UK trade deal since Brexit and India's first with a G7 economy in over a decade. Initiated in 2022, CETA reflects a significant geopolitical and commercial realignment amidst global supply chain diversification and rising protectionism.

Key Takeaways

• The CETA was a result of negotiations dating back to 2007, which faced delays due to EU demands and resumed after India's withdrawal from RCEP in 2019.
• The agreement is a crucial milestone post-Brexit for the UK and represents India's entry into a major Western market.
• CETA aligns with the India–UK Roadmap 2030, enhancing cooperation in various sectors.

Additional Details

• Economic Impacts: India will reduce tariffs on British goods from around 15% to just 3% on 90% of tariff lines, including significant cuts on Scotch whisky and high-end cars. In exchange, the UK will eliminate duties on a range of Indian exports.
• Bilateral Trade Growth: Although trade currently represents a small percentage of both nations' overall trade, projections suggest a GDP increase of approximately £4.8 billion by 2040, with potential trade expansion of up to $34 billion in five years.
• Challenges: Issues such as mobility for IT professionals and regulatory barriers in agriculture remain unresolved, alongside pending investment treaty negotiations.
• Intellectual Property Rights: Changes in India's approach towards licensing may impact public health provisions in the future.

The India–UK CETA, while modest in macroeconomic terms, signifies a pivotal shift in bilateral strategic alignment. Its success will depend on effective regulatory execution, timely ratification, and navigating rising domestic protectionist sentiments in both countries.

GS3/Environment

Macquarie Island Earthquake

Source: Zee Business

Why in News?

A recent earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter Scale struck the western region of Macquarie Island, drawing attention to this unique geological site.

Key Takeaways

• Macquarie Island is located approximately 1,500 km southeast of Tasmania, Australia, in the Pacific Ocean.
• The island serves as an important geological site where the Indo-Australian tectonic plate meets the Pacific plate.

Additional Details

• Geographical Location: Macquarie Island is situated about halfway between Australia and Antarctica, measuring about 34 kilometers (21 miles) in length and 5 kilometers (3 miles) in width.
• Significance: It is the only place on Earth where rocks from the mantle, located 6 km below the ocean floor, are exposed above sea level. This exposure contributes to its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
• Flora and Fauna: Although there are no permanent residents, the island hosts various native vegetation types, including grasses and mosses, as well as a diverse range of wildlife, such as 4 species of penguins and 4 species of albatross, along with 57 recorded seabird species.
• Conservation Status: Politically part of Tasmania, Australia, Macquarie Island became a Tasmanian State Reserve in 1978, highlighting its significant ecological and conservation value.

This earthquake not only raises concerns over geological activity but also emphasizes the ecological importance of Macquarie Island as a critical site for biodiversity and geoconservation.

GS2/Governance

Mental Health Guidelines - Supreme Court’s Response to Rising Student Suicides

Source: New Indian Express

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has recently issued guidelines aimed at educational institutions throughout the nation in response to the alarming rise in student suicides.

Key Takeaways

• The Supreme Court described the mental health crisis among students as a "systemic failure."
• In 2022, 13,044 student suicides were reported, accounting for 7.6% of all suicides in India.
• New guidelines mandate the appointment of mental health professionals in educational institutions.

Additional Details

• Suicides on Campuses: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported a significant increase in student suicides from 5,425 in 2001 to 13,044 in 2022, with a notable portion linked to exam failures.
• Supreme Court Directives: The Court issued 15 binding guidelines applicable to all educational institutions, urging them to implement mental health policies and support systems.
• Mandatory Counsellors: Institutions with over 100 students must hire qualified mental health professionals, while smaller institutions must establish referral links.
• Infrastructure Safety Measures: Residential institutions are required to take physical safety measures, such as installing tamper-proof ceiling fans.
• Ending Discriminatory Practices: Institutions are urged to eliminate practices that segregate students based on performance and to avoid public shaming.
• Accountability and Protection: Educational institutions must establish confidential mechanisms for addressing complaints of harassment and discrimination.
• Policy Framework: Institutions need to publish an annual mental health policy, referencing government initiatives like the Manodarpan and the National Suicide Prevention Strategy.

This landmark ruling emphasizes the necessity of integrating mental health support into educational systems, shifting the focus from mere academic performance to the overall well-being of students. Success will depend on effective implementation and societal acceptance of these changes.

GS2/Polity

Healing Manipur: Fragile Peace Demands Genuine Reconciliation

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

Recently, the President's Rule in Manipur has been extended for another six months, effective from August 13, 2025, amid ongoing ethnic conflicts between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities.

Key Takeaways

• The Supreme Court's S.R. Bommai Judgment (1994) introduced judicial review of President's Rule under Article 356.
• Coalition politics and the rise of regional parties have reduced the misuse of President's Rule.
• Public awareness and media scrutiny have increased opposition to politically motivated impositions of President's Rule.
• The extension of President's Rule in Manipur is due to continued ethnic conflicts and a political vacuum after the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh.

Additional Details

• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court ruled that the President's decision to impose Article 356 is subject to judicial review, preventing arbitrary dismissals of state governments.
• Ethnic Conflict: The ongoing ethnic tensions between the Meitei majority and Kuki-Zo minority remain unresolved, despite a reduction in violence.
• Political Vacuum: The resignation of the Chief Minister created a governance void, necessitating central intervention to restore order.
• Historical Tensions: The ethnic composition of Manipur and historical grievances have contributed to the current crisis, particularly the Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe status, which intensified conflict in May 2023.

The situation in Manipur highlights the need for a comprehensive approach towards reconciliation, emphasizing the importance of political dialogue, the rule of law, and the empowerment of civil society to foster peace in the region.