Environmental Effects: Exercise at Altitude | Physical Education for A Level - Year 13 PDF Download

Introduction

Altitude is defined as the elevation of a location relative to sea level. As elevation increases, the oxygen content in the air diminishes. Engaging in physical activity at higher altitudes significantly affects performance and health due to various environmental factors. Two primary factors influenced by altitude changes are oxygen availability and the body’s physiological adaptations.

Oxygen Availability

• A major challenge when exercising at higher altitudes is the reduced availability of oxygen. As altitude rises, the oxygen concentration in the air decreases, leading to hypoxia—a state where body tissues receive insufficient oxygen. 
• Hypoxia can cause symptoms ranging from headaches and dizziness to severe conditions such as altitude sickness.

Physiological Responses to Altitude

• To counter the lower oxygen levels, the body initiates a cardio-respiratory response, increasing both heart rate and breathing rate. This enhances blood flow and oxygen delivery to the muscles. 
• Over time, the body also boosts red blood cell production to transport more oxygen through the bloodstream.
• This adaptation, which develops over days to weeks, enhances energy efficiency upon returning to sea level. These responses help mitigate the effects of reduced oxygen, though the cardiovascular system may become strained due to the increased workload.

Impact on Physical Performance

• At higher altitudes, aerobic performance often declines due to lower oxygen levels, resulting in quicker fatigue and extended recovery periods.
• However, certain anaerobic activities, like sprinting or jumping, may benefit from reduced air resistance. 
• Additionally, maintaining body temperature can be challenging due to the typically colder temperatures at higher elevations.

Acclimatisation

• With prolonged exposure, the body can adapt to altitude-related environmental changes, improving performance and reducing the risk of altitude sickness. 
• The acclimatisation process varies widely among individuals and requires time. 

Recognizing the significant impact of altitude on human physiology and performance is crucial, as adapting to these conditions involves complex physiological adjustments. Understanding these responses is essential for safe exercise and optimal performance at altitude.