Weekly Current Affairs (8th to 14th July 2025) - 2 | Weekly Current Affairs - UPSC PDF Download

Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls

Why in News?

• The Supreme Court (SC) is currently reviewing the Election Commission of India’s (ECI) Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar. The court has suggested that documents such as Aadhaar, voter ID, and ration cards be accepted as valid for voter enumeration. However, it dismissed the argument posed by petitioners claiming that the ECI lacks the authority to conduct this revision.

Key Takeaways

• The SC is evaluating the ECI's approach to revising electoral rolls, emphasizing the inclusion of various identification documents.
• The ECI is empowered to revise electoral rolls under the Representation of the People Act, 1950.

Additional Details

• About Electoral Rolls: Electoral rolls, also known as the Voter List or Electoral Register, are the official lists of all eligible and registered voters within a specific constituency. They ensure fair and transparent electoral processes by verifying voter identities and are prepared by the ECI under the Representation of the People Act, 1950.
• About Special Intensive Revision: This is a focused, time-bound house-to-house verification process conducted by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) before major elections. It aims to update and correct the voter list, ensuring accuracy and inclusivity while allowing for new registrations, deletions, and modifications.
• Judicial Stand: The Supreme Court upheld the ECI's broad powers to ensure free and fair elections, stating that judicial review is limited during elections, as per Article 329(b).
• Previous Electoral Roll Revisions: SIRs have been conducted in various years including 1952-56, 1961, 1983-84, and the last was held in 2020.

The need for SIR arises from the necessity of maintaining an error-free and updated voter list. It addresses the removal of ineligible voters, adds newly eligible voters, and corrects errors to ensure accuracy and prevent fraud. Furthermore, SIR supports democratic legitimacy by adhering to the principle of "one person, one vote," thereby enhancing public trust in the electoral system.

However, concerns have also been raised regarding the SIR process. These include:

• Risk of Mass Disenfranchisement: The exclusion of widely used IDs may disproportionately impact underprivileged voters.
• Impact on Migrant Workers: Migrant workers and students may find it challenging to update their voter information due to frequent relocations.
• Concerns of Systematic Exclusion: The required documentation could act as a de facto citizenship test, raising fears of marginalization.
• Lack of Public Consultation: Excessive documentation requirements could undermine universal suffrage, particularly affecting illiterate and homeless populations.

To strengthen the integrity and accuracy of the SIR process, several measures can be implemented:

• Inclusive Documentation Policies: While Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship, it remains a widely accessible ID and should be used for residency verification.
• Robust Verification and Data Accuracy: Linking Aadhaar to voter IDs, conducting door-to-door verification by BLOs, and regular audits by electoral authorities can help maintain transparency.
• Political and Legal Consensus: The ECI should engage all stakeholders, including civil society, and run awareness campaigns regarding SIR rules.
• Technology-Driven Safeguards: Implementing AI for anomaly detection and blockchain for voter logs can prevent tampering.
• Inclusivity Measures: Organizing special camps for marginalized groups and providing multilingual support can help ensure accurate enrollment.

In conclusion, while the Special Intensive Revision of electoral rolls is essential for conducting error-free elections, it must also prioritize inclusivity. Despite the ECI's authority, ongoing concerns about disenfranchisement and bias necessitate a balanced approach, incorporating technology-driven verification and broad political consensus to enhance the integrity of the electoral process.

Empowering States Through Science

Why in News?

• The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), in its report titled “A Roadmap for Strengthening State Science and Technology (S&T) Councils,” has called for reforms in the funding and governance of State S&T Councils.

Key Takeaways

• State S&T Councils play a crucial role in India's national development through science, technology, and innovation.
• The partnership between Central and State S&T Departments began in 1971 with the establishment of State Science & Technology Councils (SSTCs).
• Many challenges hinder the effectiveness of these councils, including funding issues and lack of scientific leadership.

Additional Details

• Role of State S&T Councils: These councils enable grassroots innovations, focusing on areas such as agriculture, renewable energy, and disaster management.
• Funding Challenges: Many councils heavily depend on core grants from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), leading to insufficient project-based funding and minimal contributions from state governments.
• Industry Linkages: There is minimal collaboration between councils and local industries or academic institutions, which limits their impact on applied research.
• Leadership Issues: Many councils lack strong scientific leadership, being led by bureaucrats instead of experts in science and technology.
• Reform Suggestions: NITI Aayog recommends appointing full-time scientists to lead councils, linking funding to performance, and establishing stronger connections with industries and academic institutions.

In conclusion, the effective functioning of State S&T Councils is vital for decentralized scientific governance in India. Addressing the highlighted challenges through suggested reforms can enhance their capacity to drive innovation and contribute to national development.

Aadi KARMAYOGI and TALASH

Why in News?

• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has recently introduced the first Regional Process Lab (RPL) under the Aadi KARMAYOGI initiative, aimed at enhancing local governance. In conjunction with this, the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), an autonomous entity under the Ministry, has launched the TALASH (Tribal Aptitude, Life Skills and Self-Esteem Hub) program to foster the development of tribal students.

Key Takeaways

• The Aadi KARMAYOGI initiative focuses on building a cadre of tribal leaders.
• TALASH aims to support over 1.38 lakh students in Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs).

Additional Details

• Aadi KARMAYOGI: This is a National Mission for Responsive Governance aimed at creating a network of 20 lakh tribal grassroots functionaries and village-level leaders to promote inclusive development. It aligns with the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyaan (PM JANMAN) and the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA), emphasizing community involvement and capacity building.
• Objectives:
  • Build Local Leadership: Train State Master Trainers (SMTs), District Master Trainers (DMTs), and Block-level trainers.
  • Strengthen Last-Mile Delivery: Improve the implementation of welfare schemes in remote tribal areas.
  • Promote Community-Centric Governance: Empower tribal communities with a sense of dignity and purpose.
• Implementation: SMTs from five southern states—Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana—are being trained at the RPL in Bengaluru. These trainers will lead State Process Labs (SPLs) to train DMTs.
• TALASH: Launched in partnership with UNICEF India, TALASH is a platform designed to support holistic development for tribal students, preparing them with essential life skills and career guidance. It follows the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 principles.
• Key Features of TALASH:
  • Psychometric Assessments: Based on the NCERT's 'Tamanna' framework, students undergo aptitude tests to receive personalized career cards.
  • Career Counselling: Aligns student aspirations with their strengths and interests.
  • Life Skills and Self-Esteem Modules: Provides interactive lessons to boost confidence and emotional intelligence.
  • E-Learning for Teachers: Offers digital tools and training to enhance teacher effectiveness.

With these initiatives, the Ministry aims to create a more responsive governance framework and equip tribal students with the necessary skills to thrive in a competitive environment.

Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy (RDSNS)

Why in News?

• Scientists at the Raman Research Institute (RRI) have developed a groundbreaking technique called Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy (RDSNS). This innovative method can be integrated into an all-optical quantum magnetometer, significantly improving the precision of magnetic field measurements.

Key Takeaways

• RDSNS: An advanced all-optical technique for measuring magnetic fields using laser light and Rubidium atoms.
• Spin Noise: Atoms exhibit random spin movements, and the pattern of this noise changes when exposed to a magnetic field.
• Non-Intrusive Measurement: The technique allows for the measurement of magnetic fields without disturbing the atoms.

Additional Details

• Key Advantages:
  • Enables shield-free, compact, and portable magnetic sensing.
  • Offers a wide dynamic range and high sensitivity.
  • Effective in outdoor or noisy environments and resistant to electrical and mechanical interference.
• Applications:
  • Medical imaging (alternative to MRI).
  • Geological surveys (for mineral detection).
  • Space exploration (studying planetary magnetic fields).
  • Quantum research (atomic and spin studies).

A magnetometer is a device designed to measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields. It finds applications in various fields, including:

• Navigation.
• Earth and space studies.
• Ocean exploration, aiding in detecting shipwrecks and aircraft debris.
• Identifying geological features on the seafloor.

Working Principle: The Earth's magnetic field is generated by molten iron and nickel in its outer core, varying by location. Magnetometers detect these variations by recording magnetic readings, typically at 1 Hz. When they encounter ferrous objects (such as anchors, wreckage, or basalt), they sense magnetic anomalies, which are sudden, unexpected changes in the magnetic field.

Modern Magnetometers

Modern magnetometers, like Optically Pumped Atomic Magnetometers (OPAMs) and Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free (SERF)

• Require costly magnetic shielding.
• Function best in noise-free laboratory settings.
• Have a limited detection range.

For further insights, consider exploring the deployment of the magnetometer boom in the Sun's orbit as part of the Aditya-L1 mission.

World Population Day 2025

Why in News?

• World Population Day, observed on 11 July, was established by the UN in 1989 to raise awareness about population issues, including reproductive health rights. The theme for World Population Day 2025 is “Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world,” which focuses on empowering youth to make informed choices about sexual and reproductive health.

Key Takeaways

• India has the world's largest youth population, with 371 million people aged 15 to 29.
• The youth demographic accounted for 27.2% of the population in 2021, projected to decline to 22.7% by 2036.
• The Department of Youth Affairs is the nodal agency for youth-related policies and programs.

Additional Details

• Youth Demographic Profile: According to UNICEF, India has the largest youth population globally. As of 2021, youth aged 15-29 accounted for 27.2% of the population, but this is projected to decline.
• Policy & Governance: The National Youth Policy has evolved through various iterations, with the latest draft for 2024 emphasizing sustainable development goals (SDGs) and youth empowerment.
• Opportunities: India's youth population presents a demographic dividend, innovation potential, and social influence, which can enhance economic growth and societal change.

Challenges Faced by Youth in India

• Sexual & Reproductive Health Issues: High rates of unintended pregnancies and child marriage continue to pose challenges.
• Gender Inequality: Patriarchal norms restrict young women's autonomy and access to education and employment.
• Mental Health Crisis: Increasing stress and anxiety among youth have led to a high rate of mental health issues.
• Employment Crisis: There is a significant mismatch between education and job market needs, resulting in high unemployment rates.
• Substance Abuse: Youth are increasingly vulnerable to drug addiction, exacerbated by peer pressure and lack of rehabilitation facilities.

Steps to Empower Youth in India

• Education Revolution: Overhaul the education system to promote critical thinking and creativity while ensuring digital literacy.
• Job-Linked Skill Development: Encourage apprenticeship opportunities and promote youth entrepreneurship through financial support.
• Healthcare Access: Enhance mental health support and reproductive health services.
• Sports & Arts Infrastructure: Expand facilities to support young athletes and artists.
• Digital Empowerment: Bridge the digital divide by improving internet access and strengthening digital skills.

In conclusion, to harness the potential of the world's largest youth population, India must address challenges such as gender gaps while fostering inclusive growth. Strategic initiatives can empower youth to drive India's global rise, ensuring sustainable development and equitable progress.

EduRev Mains Question: 

• Discuss the challenges faced by India’s youth in realizing their full potential. Suggest measures to convert these challenges into opportunities.

Declining Household Savings & Rising Liabilities

• India’s household savings pattern is experiencing a noteworthy shift, raising significant concerns regarding long-term economic stability and domestic capital formation.

Key Takeaways

• India’s gross domestic savings rate fell from 34.6% of GDP in 2011-12 to 29.7% in 2022-23, reaching a four-decade low.
• Household net savings, traditionally accounting for 60% of total savings, have also seen a decline.
• Household liabilities peaked at 6.4% of GDP in FY24, nearing the 2007 high of 6.6%.
• Physical savings (gold, real estate) increased from 59.7% in 2019-20 to 71.5% in 2023-24, while financial savings dropped from 40.3% to 28.5%.

Additional Details

• Urban vs. Rural Divide: Urban households are increasingly investing in financial instruments like mutual funds and equities due to better financial access, while rural households prefer cash and physical assets, highlighting gaps in financial inclusion.
• Post-Pandemic & Inflationary Pressures: Initially, Covid-19 boosted savings due to reduced spending, but this trend reversed as the economy reopened, with high inflation eroding disposable incomes and making traditional savings less attractive.

Implications of Low Savings:

• Reduced domestic capital formation may slow growth and increase dependence on foreign capital.
• Higher consumption spending reflects a trend towards debt-fueled growth, raising risks of economic instability.
• The government may need to boost public savings through higher taxes or spending cuts, while the RBI faces challenges balancing interest rates.

In conclusion, the decline in household savings coupled with rising debt poses a significant threat to economic stability. To ensure sustainability, it is crucial to enhance financial literacy, incentivize saving, regulate borrowing practices, and expand social security measures. Balancing consumption-driven growth with prudent savings is vital for long-term resilience and inclusive development.

Maharashtra’s Rollback of Hindi as Third Language

Why in News?

• The Maharashtra government has abolished its government resolutions (GRs) that mandated Hindi as a compulsory third language in Marathi and English medium schools for Grades 1 to 5. This decision was made in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, which encourages multilingualism through a three-language formula. However, the withdrawal was due to concerns regarding linguistic identity, cultural dominance, and the practical challenges of implementation. A committee headed by renowned economist Dr. Narendra Jadhav has been formed to investigate the three-language policy.

Key Takeaways

• The Maharashtra government scrapped Hindi as a compulsory language for early education.
• Concerns include linguistic identity and feasibility of implementing the three-language policy.
• A committee has been appointed to study the implications of the three-language policy.

Additional Details

• Pedagogical Challenges: Neuroscientific studies suggest that while early exposure to multiple languages is beneficial (ages 2–8), it does not necessarily translate to formal education. Foundational literacy in the mother tongue should precede the introduction of additional languages, as starting three languages in Grade 1 could hinder proficiency in the primary language.
• Federal Concerns: Education falls under the Concurrent List, and mandating Hindi without adequate state consultation could violate the federal spirit of educational governance.
• Cultural and Societal Concerns: Critics argue that making Hindi compulsory may undermine local tribal or minority languages, leading to accusations of a "backdoor imposition" of Hindi.
• Administrative Issues: Many rural schools lack qualified teachers for multiple languages, leading to inconsistent educational quality.

In summary, the rollback of Hindi as a mandatory third language in Maharashtra highlights significant concerns regarding educational policy, cultural identity, and the practicalities of language instruction in diverse linguistic settings. The formation of a committee to examine the implications of the three-language policy reflects an ongoing commitment to understanding the complexities of language education in India.