UPSC Daily Current Affairs: 25th April 2025 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS3/Science and Technology

Measuring Helium Abundance in the Sun

Why in News?

Researchers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have successfully estimated the abundance of Helium in the Sun’s photosphere with precision for the first time.

Key Takeaways

• Helium is the second most abundant element in the Sun, after Hydrogen.
• Accurate measurements of Helium are crucial for understanding solar composition and energy transport.
• Previous estimates relied on indirect methods which lacked direct observations of the photosphere.

Additional Details

• Challenges in Measurement: Measuring Helium's abundance has been complicated due to the absence of observable Helium spectral lines in visible light.
• Traditional Methods: Earlier methods included using data from hotter stars, solar wind observations, and seismological studies of the Sun’s interior.
• Novel Method: Researchers introduced a new technique utilizing spectral features from Magnesium (Mg) and Carbon (C) to directly estimate Helium abundance.
• Helium-to-Hydrogen ratio in the Sun's photosphere was determined to be 0.1, corroborating previous studies and validating the new method.

This advancement in measuring Helium abundance not only enhances our understanding of the Sun but also has broader implications for studying the composition of other stars.

UPSC 2023 Question: Diffusion of light in the atmosphere takes place due to:

• (a) Carbon dioxide
• (b) Dust particles*
• (c) Helium
• (d) Water vapors

GS2/International Relations

SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES)

Why in News?

India has announced the suspension of the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES) for Pakistani nationals in response to a deadly terrorist attack in Pahalgam. This decision reflects the ongoing tensions and security concerns within the region.

Key Takeaways

• The SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was established to promote regional cooperation among SAARC member states.
• Suspension of the scheme for Pakistani nationals highlights increasing security issues in India related to cross-border terrorism.

Additional Details

• About SAARC: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was founded in 1985 and includes eight member states: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• Launch of SVES: The SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was launched in 1992 during the Fourth SAARC Summit to facilitate visa-free travel for certain categories of individuals.
• Eligible Categories: The scheme covers 24 categories, including dignitaries, judges, parliamentarians, senior officials, businessmen, journalists, and sportspersons. Special visa stickers are issued, typically valid for one year, allowing visa-free travel within SAARC countries.
• India’s Provisions under SVES:
  • Citizens of Nepal and Bhutan do not require a visa to enter India.
  • Pakistani nationals were initially allowed one-year multiple-entry business visas, which were revised in 2015 for special-category businessmen to three-year visas.
  • Sri Lankan nationals are eligible for an e-Tourist visa, while Indian citizens do not need a visa for Nepal and Bhutan.

The increasing instances of cross-border terrorist attacks and Pakistan's interference in the internal affairs of several member states raise concerns about the future viability of SAARC.

GS2/Polity

Section 69 of the BNS is Redundant

Why in News?

The intersection of consent, deception, and the law in cases of sexual intercourse under false promises of marriage has become a significant legal and social issue in India. The introduction of Section 69 in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) of 2023 has reignited discussions about the adequacy and coherence of legal provisions governing such cases, raising questions about redundancy and constitutional validity.

Key Takeaways

• Section 69 criminalizes sexual intercourse obtained through deceitful means, including false promises to marry.
• This provision duplicates existing laws and may dilute the gravity of the offense by categorizing it as a lesser crime.
• Judicial interpretations have narrowed the scope of rape in such cases, questioning the necessity of Section 69.

Additional Details

• Section 69: Introduced as a standalone provision, it prescribes a maximum punishment of ten years, which is less severe than penalties for rape under Section 63 of the BNS.
• Despite its intention to address deception in relationships, it overlaps with the definition of consent under Section 28, which already includes 'misconception of fact' related to false promises of marriage.
• Judicial precedents, such as in cases like Anurag Soni v. The State of Chhattisgarh and Rajnish Singh @ Soni v. State of U.P., reveal that courts have distinguished between genuine relationships and those based on deception, thus limiting the application of Section 69.
• Concerns about the constitutional validity of Section 69 arise due to its redundancy and lack of a non-obstante clause, which raises issues of equality before the law under Article 14 of the Constitution.

The introduction of Section 69 may have been well-intentioned, aimed at filling legislative gaps. However, its overlap with existing definitions of rape under the law and judicial interpretations that clarify consent make it largely unnecessary. A more effective approach would involve cautious policing and legislative clarity to uphold the integrity of the legal system.

GS3/Economy

Where Tariffs Trump Economics

Why in News?

The announcement of reciprocal tariffs by U.S. President Donald Trump has significantly impacted international trade policy, leading to instability in global markets and fears of a potential trade war. Though aimed at correcting trade imbalances and protecting local industries, these tariffs have resulted in unintended economic consequences, increased uncertainty, and heightened tensions among global trading partners.

Key Takeaways

• Reciprocal tariffs are taxes imposed in response to similar tariffs from trading partners.
• Their implementation has led to economic disruptions, particularly in Asia and India.
• The flawed calculation model for tariffs disproportionately affects countries with strong service exports.

Additional Details

• Understanding Reciprocal Tariffs: These tariffs are intended to protect local jobs and industries. However, they often lead to retaliatory actions that raise barriers, causing harm to the economies they seek to protect.
• The immediate economic fallout from the tariffs included a sharp decline in key commodities like crude oil, reflecting fears of a global economic slowdown.
• Economic Challenges for Asia: Countries like Vietnam and Cambodia, heavily reliant on U.S. exports, face severe consequences, particularly in sectors like garment manufacturing, threatening numerous jobs.
• India's Strategic Response: With a potential $7.76 billion drop in exports to the U.S., India must pursue balanced negotiations with the U.S., strengthen ties with other trading partners, and implement domestic economic reforms to counter the impact.

The ripple effects of U.S. reciprocal tariffs highlight the interconnectedness of the modern global economy. While these policies may achieve short-term domestic objectives, they pose risks of broader economic upheaval, particularly for vulnerable economies in Asia. India, positioned at a crossroads, can either succumb to these challenges or use them as an opportunity for significant reform and stronger global engagement.

GS3/Defence & Security

Countering Infiltration in Jammu & Kashmir - Challenges and the Road Ahead

Why in News?

The recent tragic killing of 26 tourists in Baisaran near Pahalgam by terrorists has once again highlighted the ongoing infiltration threats along the India-Pakistan border, particularly in the Jammu & Kashmir region. This incident emphasizes the urgent necessity for a stronger counter-infiltration framework, improved surveillance technologies, and enhanced border infrastructure.

Key Takeaways

• The difficult terrain and tactical challenges in Jammu & Kashmir pose significant operational hurdles for security forces.
• Recent infiltration patterns indicate a decrease in attempts since the 2003 ceasefire, yet the threat remains persistent.
• Counter-infiltration measures, including border fencing and the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS), are crucial yet face challenges in implementation.
• Winter conditions exacerbate border security challenges, requiring robust solutions for infrastructure and personnel management.

Additional Details

• Difficult Terrain: The Pir Panjal range features dense forests with visibility less than 100 meters and rugged landscapes, creating ideal hideouts for terrorists and complicating search and counter-operations. For instance, Baisaran, located 6 km from Pahalgam, is accessible only on foot or by pony and is surrounded by thick forests.
• Infiltration Trends: The India-Pakistan border spans over 3,300 km, with approximately 1,000 km in Jammu & Kashmir. Infiltration attempts have significantly decreased since the 1990s, with successful attempts dropping to 21% by 2010. Current estimates suggest annual infiltration figures range between 50 and 100.
• Counter-Infiltration Measures: The border is mostly fenced, which helps reduce infiltration but requires ongoing repairs and technological enhancements. The CIBMS, introduced after the Pathankot attack in 2016, utilizes advanced technologies such as thermal imagers and radars, though its implementation faces delays.
• Winter Challenges: Each winter, about one-third of the border fence suffers damage due to heavy snowfall, resulting in security gaps. Soldiers also face operational challenges due to extreme weather, which can lead to decreased alertness.

The Pahalgam terror attack underscores the persistent threat of cross-border terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir and highlights the urgent need for India to fortify its counter-infiltration infrastructure. While initiatives like CIBMS and border fencing have shown positive outcomes, existing gaps in implementation, adverse weather conditions, and the evolving tactics of terrorists necessitate a comprehensive, technology-driven, and well-funded security strategy moving forward.

GS2/International Relations

Pakistan Suspends 1972 Simla Agreement: Strategic Implications for Indo-Pak Relations

Why in News?

Pakistan has recently announced the suspension of the 1972 Simla Agreement in response to India's stringent measures following a terrorist attack in Pahalgam. This development highlights the escalating tensions between the two nations.

Key Takeaways

• Suspension of the Simla Agreement marks a shift in Pakistan's diplomatic stance towards India.
• The move may exacerbate tensions along the Line of Control (LoC) and revive historical hostilities.

Understanding the Simla Agreement

• Background: Signed on July 2, 1972, the Simla Agreement aimed to establish a framework for peaceful resolution of conflicts following the 1971 Indo-Pak war.
• Objectives: To promote peaceful coexistence, respect for sovereignty, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
• Key Provisions:
  • Conversion of the ceasefire line into the Line of Control (LoC).
  • Return of captured territories, with India retaining strategic areas.
  • Recognition of Bangladesh, facilitating diplomatic relations.
  • Commitment to UN Charter principles for peaceful coexistence.

Reasons for Suspension

• The suspension is viewed as a reaction to India's domestic policies, particularly the abrogation of Article 370.
• Pakistan aims to distance itself from the bilateral framework and potentially seek international mediation.
• It serves to reclaim diplomatic leverage regarding the Kashmir issue.

Potential Impact on the Line of Control

• Ceasefire Stability May Erode: The lack of a formal agreement increases the risk of military confrontations.
• Loss of Diplomatic Buffer: The absence of a shared framework could lead to aggressive posturing from both sides.
• Greater Global Involvement: Pakistan may leverage this suspension to advocate for third-party mediation.

India’s Stance and Future Outlook

• India has historically rejected foreign intervention and emphasizes bilateral dialogue.
• The suspension could limit opportunities for meaningful negotiations in the foreseeable future.
• The situation may evolve towards either increased hostilities or renewed diplomatic efforts, influenced by global pressures.

In conclusion, Pakistan's suspension of the 1972 Simla Agreement signifies a critical shift in diplomatic relations, potentially heightening the risk of conflict along the LoC while weakening a longstanding peace framework established over decades. The long-term implications of this decision remain uncertain but are poised to affect regional stability.

GS2/International Relations

Amidst Regional Ferment, Kurds’ Quest for Statehood

Why in News?

The prospects for Kurdish statehood have improved, yet divisions among Kurds based on national, tribal, and ethnic lines continue to pose significant challenges.

Key Takeaways

• The geopolitical landscape of West Asia is increasingly complex, impacting the Kurdish aspirations for statehood.
• Regional instability offers both challenges and opportunities for Kurdish autonomy.

Additional Details

• Current Geopolitical Situation:
  • Rising Tensions Between Israel and Arab States: The hardline stance of the Israeli government on Palestinian issues conflicts with Arab nations advocating for a two-state solution, complicating relations.
  • Weakened Iran and Resumption of U.S. Pressure: Iran faces diminishing influence due to internal instability and U.S. sanctions, which have renewed discussions regarding its nuclear ambitions.
  • Economic Instability Due to Declining Oil Prices: A 20% drop in oil prices in 2025 has raised concerns about economic stability in Gulf countries heavily reliant on oil exports.
• Impact on Kurdish Quest for Statehood:
  • Weakened Regional Powers Create Opportunities for Kurdish Autonomy: Instability in Iraq, Syria, and Iran allows Kurdish groups to assert autonomy, exemplified by the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq and the SDF in Syria.
  • Absence of a Unifying Kurdish National Movement: Despite gaining autonomy, the lack of a cohesive Kurdish political structure hampers efforts toward statehood.
• Historical Context:
  • Failure to Achieve Statehood Post-1920 Treaty of Sevres: Kurdish aspirations were undermined by Turkish nationalism and Western geopolitical interests, leading to the Treaty of Lausanne, which ignored Kurdish rights.
  • Formation of the PKK: Repression by the Turkish state led to the formation of the PKK in 1978, aimed at achieving Kurdish independence through armed struggle.
• Role of the SDF in Syria:
  • Fighting Against Terrorist Groups: The SDF has been pivotal in combating ISIS, notably during the liberation of Raqqa.
  • Control Over Syrian Territories: The SDF currently governs nearly 40% of Syria, which has led to tensions with Turkey.
• Potential Reduction of U.S. Military Presence:
  • Loss of Strategic Support: A decrease in U.S. military presence risks undermining the SDF, exposing them to potential Turkish aggression.
  • Increased Regional Instability: The U.S. pullback could embolden Turkey and other regional powers, further complicating Kurdish autonomy and statehood efforts.
• India's Strategic Opportunities:
  • Strategic Partnerships and Influence: India can enhance ties with Kurdish regions through diplomatic and economic engagement, particularly with the KRG.
  • Energy and Trade Opportunities: With rich oil resources, India can increase energy imports from Kurdish regions and engage in oil exploration projects.

The Kurdish quest for statehood remains a complex issue influenced by historical grievances, current geopolitical dynamics, and the potential for future autonomy amid regional instability.

GS2/International Relations

New Global Pandemic Treaty

Why in News?

After three years of negotiations, WHO member states, excluding the United States, have reached an agreement on a draft for a legally binding treaty designed to enhance global preparedness and response to future pandemics. This treaty is set to be ratified at the World Health Assembly in May and marks only the second legally binding agreement in the history of the WHO, following the 2003 tobacco control treaty.

Key Takeaways

• A draft treaty for pandemic preparedness has been agreed upon after extensive negotiations.
• The treaty aims to address inequalities in global health responses revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
• It includes provisions for equitable access to vaccines and medical resources during health crises.

Additional Details

• Need for a Global Pandemic Treaty: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant global inequities in health responses, particularly in vaccine distribution, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated international framework.
• Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing: The treaty establishes a system for pharmaceutical companies to access scientific data (like pathogen samples) in exchange for commitments to share resulting vaccines and treatments equitably during a pandemic.
• Production Allocation to WHO: Manufacturers are required to allocate 10% of their pandemic-related products to WHO free of charge, along with an additional 10% at affordable prices.
• Government Intervention for Public Benefit: The treaty empowers governments to act when publicly funded life-saving medicines become unaffordable, ensuring access for all citizens.
• Limited Authority of the WHO: The treaty does not grant WHO legal authority over national laws, limiting its ability to enforce compliance during health emergencies.
• Concerns from the Pharmaceutical Industry: Industry leaders express concerns about the lack of clarity regarding intellectual property and benefit-sharing rules, which could deter investment in pandemic research.
• Absence of the United States: The withdrawal of the U.S. from the negotiations has been viewed as a significant setback, as it diminishes the treaty's potential impact on global health preparedness.

This treaty represents a crucial step towards a more equitable and coordinated global response to future pandemics, although its success will depend on the commitment of member states to uphold its principles.

GS2/Polity

Section 19 of the POCSO Act, 2012

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a petition concerning the mandatory reporting of sexual activity under Section 19 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.

Key Takeaways

• The POCSO Act came into effect on November 14, 2012, coinciding with Children's Day in India.
• The Act aims to combat sexual exploitation and abuse of children, defining a child as anyone below the age of 18 years.
• In 2019, the Act was reviewed and amended to impose stricter penalties, including the death penalty for severe offenses against children.

Additional Details

• Definition of a Child: A child is defined as any person under 18 years of age.
• Key Offences Covered:
  • Penetrative Sexual Assault (Section 3)
  • Sexual Harassment (Section 11)
  • Using Children for Pornographic Purposes (Section 13)
  • Abetment and Attempt (Sections 16-18)
• Special Courts & Procedures: The Act establishes special courts for speedy trials and mandates child-friendly procedures.
• Protection of Identity: The identity of the child is protected throughout the legal proceedings.
• Rehabilitation & Compensation: Provisions are made for the rehabilitation of child victims.
• No Delay in Trials: Trials must be completed within one year of the offence.

Recent hearings in the Supreme Court have raised concerns that the current law might criminalize consensual sexual activity among juveniles, particularly affecting adolescent girls' rights to health. Advocates are emphasizing the need for counseling rather than criminalization, arguing that the law may deter adolescents from seeking medical care. The court has acknowledged these concerns and scheduled a detailed hearing for May 8 to address them.

UPSC 2017 Question: Which of the following are envisaged by the Right against Exploitation in the Constitution of India?

• 1. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
• 2. Abolition of untouchability
• 3. Protection of the interests of minorities
• 4. Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: Options: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 4 only* (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

GS2/Polity

Power and Freedom: On the Senthilbalaji Case

Why in News?

On April 23, the Supreme Court addressed Tamil Nadu Minister V. Senthilbalaji, who has been on bail since September 2024 in a money laundering case, indicating that he must choose between maintaining his ministerial role or his freedom. This statement was anticipated given the circumstances surrounding the case.

Key Takeaways

• The Supreme Court has raised concerns about the conflict of interest arising from Senthilbalaji's position while on bail.
• There are fears regarding potential witness tampering due to his powerful office.
• The timing of his return to the Cabinet has raised legal questions regarding his ongoing bail conditions.

Additional Details

• Conflict of Interest: The Supreme Court emphasized the issue of an individual facing serious criminal charges holding a significant public office. This raises ethical concerns about governance.
• Potential Witness Tampering: Concerns were expressed that Senthilbalaji could influence witnesses or tamper with evidence, as highlighted by Justice Oka's remarks about his ability to prevent witness testimonies.
• Premature Re-induction: The Court granted bail not based on the merits of the case but on the time already served in detention, leading to questions about the appropriateness of his re-induction into the Cabinet.
• Legal Scrutiny: His re-induction has been scrutinized due to the conditions of his bail not being fully met, raising doubts about the fairness of his trial and the integrity of the governance process.
• Impact on Governance: The Supreme Court noted that his return to the Cabinet could undermine public trust in governance and affect the victims of the job scandal.

In conclusion, it is suggested that Senthilbalaji should consider resigning from his position to preserve the integrity of the government and seek a clear legal resolution to his ongoing case. This approach would help restore public confidence in the political system.

GS2/International Relations

Is the World Trade Organisation Still Relevant?

Why in News?

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has faced increasing criticism for its diminishing effectiveness and lack of clear direction in managing global trade rules. Many experts and member nations believe significant reforms are necessary to enhance its role in the current international context.

Key Takeaways

• The Doha Round of negotiations has stalled due to disagreements between developed and developing countries.
• Concerns over the WTO's Appellate Body's dysfunctionality have weakened trust in its dispute resolution capabilities.
• Protectionism and the rise of regional trade agreements have further complicated the WTO's relevance.

Additional Details

• Functions of the WTO: The WTO is primarily responsible for:
  • Negotiating trade agreements to reduce barriers like tariffs and quotas.
  • Settling trade disputes through its Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM).
  • Monitoring and reviewing national trade policies to ensure compliance with WTO rules.
• Challenges Faced: The WTO struggles to fulfill its functions due to:
  • A stalemate in trade negotiations, particularly on agricultural subsidies.
  • The dysfunction of the Appellate Body since 2019 due to the U.S. blocking judge appointments.
  • Increased preference for bilateral and regional trade agreements over multilateral negotiations.
• Impact of the Doha Round: Launched in 2001, the Doha Round aimed to address various trade issues but has faced challenges, such as:
  • Overly ambitious goals leading to stagnation in negotiations.
  • China's accession to the WTO creating imbalances that the current rules do not adequately address.
  • The failure to lower tariffs effectively, especially among major economies.
• India's Role: India has played a crucial role at the WTO by:
  • Advocating for agricultural subsidies and food security measures.
  • Championing the interests of developing nations, demanding flexible trade policies.
  • Defending national sovereignty against restrictive international regulations.

In conclusion, while the WTO's foundational goals remain critical for global trade governance, its current challenges necessitate urgent reforms to restore its credibility and functionality. Enhanced flexibility for developing nations and a revitalized dispute settlement mechanism could pave the way for renewed engagement and effectiveness.