Q.1. Who defeated the Tomara Rajputs and when?
Tomara Rajputs were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer.
Q.2. What were the duties of the muqtis during the reigns of the Khalji and Tughluq monarchs?
The muqtis were military commanders responsible for governing regions known as iqtas. Their main duties included:
- Leading military campaigns.
- Maintaining law and order in their territories.
- Collecting revenue, which served as their salary.
- Paying soldiers from the collected taxes.
Key points about their role:
- Their position was not inheritable.
- They were frequently reassigned to different iqtas.
- State-appointed accountants monitored their revenue collection.
Q.3. What were iqtas and who governed them during the Khalji and Tughluq reigns?
Iqtas were territories assigned to military commanders called muqtis. They governed these lands and were responsible for military service and law enforcement.
Q.4. Who established rule in the forested regions that the Sultanate forces could not control?
Local chieftains established their rule in the forested regions that the Sultanate forces could not control.
Q.5. Name the ruler of Delhi's sultanate after Iltutmish. What Minhaj-i Siraj thought about this ruler?
In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya became Sultan after Iltutmish. Minhaj-i Siraj thought that the queen’s rule went against the ideal social order created by God, in which women were supposed to be subordinate to men.
Q.6. What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?
The internal frontiers of the Sultanate refer to the regions surrounding the garrison towns, which were often less developed and more rural. In contrast, the external frontiers denote the areas that remained unconquered, such as parts of Southern India.
Q.7. Define the term iqta, iqtadar or muqti.
Like the earlier Sultans, the Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of territories of varying sizes. These lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or muqti.
Q.8. What do you mean by birthright?
Birthright refers to the privileges or rights that a person is believed to have simply because of their birth. This concept often implies:
- Individuals may inherit certain rights or statuses based on their family background.
- For example, nobles were thought to have the right to govern because they were born into specific families.
Q.9. Who established the Sur dynasty and what key aspect of administration did he introduce?
Sher Shah Sur established the Sur dynasty after defeating the Mughal emperor Humayun in 1540. He introduced several key administrative reforms:
- Developed an efficient government model inspired by Alauddin Khalji.
- Improved the tax system and established a new currency.
- Built a strong army and enhanced road networks.
- His governance model influenced Akbar during the expansion of the Mughal Empire.
Although the Sur dynasty lasted only 15 years, Sher Shah's reforms had a lasting impact on Indian administration.
Q.10. Who was Raziyya? Why was she removed from the throne?
Raziyya was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish. She became Sultan in 1236 and was noted for being more capable than her brothers. However, her rule faced challenges:
- Chronicler Minhaj-i Siraj believed a queen was against the social order.
- Nobles were unhappy with her independent leadership.
As a result, she was removed from the throne in 1240.
Q.11. How did Delhi become an important city in the twelfth century?
Delhi became significant in the twelfth century due to several key developments:
- It was established as the capital by the Tomara Rajputs.
- In the middle of the twelfth century, the Chauhans (or Chahamanas) of Ajmer defeated the Tomaras.
- Under both the Tomaras and Chauhans, Delhi emerged as a vital commercial centre.
- The city was home to wealthy Jaina merchants who built numerous temples.
- Coins minted in Delhi, known as Dhaliwal, circulated widely.
Q.12. Why do you think Barani criticized the Sultan?
Sultan Muhammad Tughluq appointed Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller, Firuz Hajjam, a barber, Mank a Tabbakh, a cook, and two gardeners, Ladha and Pira, to high administrative posts. Ziyauddin Barani, a mid-fourteenth century-chronicler, reported their appointments as a sign of the Sultan’s loss of political judgment and his incapacity to rule.
Q.13. Who were the bandages and what was their role in the Delhi Sultanate?
The early Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favored their special slaves purchased for military service, called bandagan in Persian. They were carefully trained to man some of the most important political offices in the kingdom. Since they were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan could trust and rely upon them.
Q.14. Why did Alauddin control the prices of goods in Delhi? What did he do for this?
Alauddin Khalji implemented price controls in Delhi for several reasons:
- The Sultan maintained a large standing army, which required significant funding.
- He opted to pay soldiers in cash instead of through the traditional iqtas.
- With soldiers purchasing supplies from local merchants, there was a risk that merchants would inflate prices.
- To prevent this, Alauddin established strict price controls on goods.
- Officials were tasked with monitoring prices, and merchants who did not comply faced punishments.
Q.15. ‘Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were a failure. How?
Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were largely unsuccessful due to several factors:
- Kashmir Campaign: His military expedition into Kashmir ended in failure.
- Disbanding Army: He abandoned plans to invade Transoxiana and disbanded his large army.
- Resentment: The forced relocation of people to Daulatabad was met with widespread discontent.
- Tax Increases: Rising taxes and famine in the Ganga-Yamuna region sparked significant rebellion.
- Currency Issues: The introduction of a “token” currency had to be revoked.
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| 1. Who were the Delhi Sultans? |  |
| 2. What was the significance of the Delhi Sultans in Indian history? | |
| 3. How did the Delhi Sultans govern their kingdom? | |
| 4. What were the major achievements of the Delhi Sultans? | |
| 5. How did the Delhi Sultanate decline? | |
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