Textbook: States after the Maurya Empire | History and Civics Class 6 (Maharashtra Board) PDF Download

 Page 1


36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8.1 The Shunga dynasty 
8.2 Indo-Greek kings 
8.3 Kushana kings
8.4 The Gupta dynasty
8.5 The Vardhan dynasty
8.6 Powers in Northeast India
8.1  The Shunga dynasty
After Emperor Ashoka, Maurya power 
started declining. The last Maurya Emperor 
was called Brihadratha. The Maurya 
General Pushyamitra Shunga revolted 
against Brihadratha, killed him and 
became the king himself.
8. States after the Maurya Empire
36
Page 2


36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8.1 The Shunga dynasty 
8.2 Indo-Greek kings 
8.3 Kushana kings
8.4 The Gupta dynasty
8.5 The Vardhan dynasty
8.6 Powers in Northeast India
8.1  The Shunga dynasty
After Emperor Ashoka, Maurya power 
started declining. The last Maurya Emperor 
was called Brihadratha. The Maurya 
General Pushyamitra Shunga revolted 
against Brihadratha, killed him and 
became the king himself.
8. States after the Maurya Empire
36 37
A silver coin of Menander - both sides
8.3  Kushana kings
India was invaded from time to time 
by several tribes. The Kushanas were one 
such tribe from Central Asia. They 
established their rule in the northwestern 
region and in Kashmir in the first century  
CE. The Kushana kings were the first to 
start minting of gold coins in India. They 
started the custom of putting the images 
of Gautama Buddha and different Indian 
deities on the coins. The Kushan king 
Kanishka extended their empire.
A gold coin of Kanishka - both sides
Kanishka’s gold coin : It was 
minted by Emperor Kanishka. It has 
the words ‘Shao Nano Shao 
Kaneshki Koshano’ on one side. It 
means ‘King of kings, Emperor 
Kanishka Kushana’. On the other 
side, there is an image of Gautama 
Buddha and the word ‘Boddo’, 
meaning Buddha, written in the 
Greek script.
8.2  Indo-Greek kings
During this period, there were several 
small kingdoms ruled by Greek kings to 
the northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
Those kings are known as Indo-Greek 
kings. In the history of the coins of ancient 
India, the coins of these kings are very 
important. They had a tradition of putting 
the picture of the king on one side and 
that of a deity on the other side. This 
tradition later took  root in India. One of 
the famous Indo-Greek kings was 
Menander, who discussed Buddhist 
philosophy with the Buddhist bhikkhu, 
Nagasena. Menander is also referred to as 
‘Milinda’.  The questions that he discussed 
with Bhikkhu Nagasena led to the creation 
of the book ‘Milind Panha’. The Pali word 
‘panha’ means ‘question’. 
Emperor Kanishka : Kanishka’s 
empire  extended from Kabul in the west 
to Varanasi in the east. Gold and copper 
coins minted by him have been found in 
North India. The fourth Buddhist  
Council was held in Kashmir during his 
reign. He established the city of 
Kanishkapur in Kashmir. It is believed 
that the village of Kampur near Srinagar 
today could be Kanishkapur.
The well-known poet Ashvaghosh 
lived during the reign of Kanishka. He 
wrote the texts ‘Buddhacharita’ and 
‘Vajrasuchi’. The famous vaidya 
Charaka was also in Kanishka’s court.
Do you know ?
Page 3


36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8.1 The Shunga dynasty 
8.2 Indo-Greek kings 
8.3 Kushana kings
8.4 The Gupta dynasty
8.5 The Vardhan dynasty
8.6 Powers in Northeast India
8.1  The Shunga dynasty
After Emperor Ashoka, Maurya power 
started declining. The last Maurya Emperor 
was called Brihadratha. The Maurya 
General Pushyamitra Shunga revolted 
against Brihadratha, killed him and 
became the king himself.
8. States after the Maurya Empire
36 37
A silver coin of Menander - both sides
8.3  Kushana kings
India was invaded from time to time 
by several tribes. The Kushanas were one 
such tribe from Central Asia. They 
established their rule in the northwestern 
region and in Kashmir in the first century  
CE. The Kushana kings were the first to 
start minting of gold coins in India. They 
started the custom of putting the images 
of Gautama Buddha and different Indian 
deities on the coins. The Kushan king 
Kanishka extended their empire.
A gold coin of Kanishka - both sides
Kanishka’s gold coin : It was 
minted by Emperor Kanishka. It has 
the words ‘Shao Nano Shao 
Kaneshki Koshano’ on one side. It 
means ‘King of kings, Emperor 
Kanishka Kushana’. On the other 
side, there is an image of Gautama 
Buddha and the word ‘Boddo’, 
meaning Buddha, written in the 
Greek script.
8.2  Indo-Greek kings
During this period, there were several 
small kingdoms ruled by Greek kings to 
the northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
Those kings are known as Indo-Greek 
kings. In the history of the coins of ancient 
India, the coins of these kings are very 
important. They had a tradition of putting 
the picture of the king on one side and 
that of a deity on the other side. This 
tradition later took  root in India. One of 
the famous Indo-Greek kings was 
Menander, who discussed Buddhist 
philosophy with the Buddhist bhikkhu, 
Nagasena. Menander is also referred to as 
‘Milinda’.  The questions that he discussed 
with Bhikkhu Nagasena led to the creation 
of the book ‘Milind Panha’. The Pali word 
‘panha’ means ‘question’. 
Emperor Kanishka : Kanishka’s 
empire  extended from Kabul in the west 
to Varanasi in the east. Gold and copper 
coins minted by him have been found in 
North India. The fourth Buddhist  
Council was held in Kashmir during his 
reign. He established the city of 
Kanishkapur in Kashmir. It is believed 
that the village of Kampur near Srinagar 
today could be Kanishkapur.
The well-known poet Ashvaghosh 
lived during the reign of Kanishka. He 
wrote the texts ‘Buddhacharita’ and 
‘Vajrasuchi’. The famous vaidya 
Charaka was also in Kanishka’s court.
Do you know ?
38
8.4  The Gupta Dynasty
The end of the third century CE saw 
the rise of the Gupta dynasty in North 
India. The Guptas remained in power for 
nearly three centuries. ‘Shrigupta’ was the 
founder of the Gupta dynasty. 
Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were 
the notable kings of the Gupta dynasty.
Samudragupta : The expansion of 
the Gupta empire began during the reign 
of Chandragupta I. His son, Samudragupta, 
defeated the smaller neighbouring 
kingdoms and extended the empire further. 
In his time, the Gupta empire spread from 
Assam upto the Punjab. He had also 
conquered the eastern coastal region up to 
Kanchi in Tamilnadu. Due to these 
victories, his power came to be recognised 
everywhere. As a result, kings on the 
northwestern frontiers as well as those in 
Sri Lanka made treaties of friendship with 
him. A pillar inscription at Prayag 
describes Samudragupta’s conquests and 
victories. This inscription is known as  
‘Prayag-prashasti’ and also as ‘Allahabad 
Prashasti’. He was an expert veena player. 
He minted coins which had a variety of 
images engraved on them. In one of them, 
he is seen playing the veena. His name 
Samudragupta, is engraved on it.
Chandragupta II : After 
Samudragupta, his son Chandragupta II 
ascended the throne. He extended the 
Gupta empire towards the northwest. He 
also won Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra. 
He established good relations with the 
powerful Vakataka rulers in the south by 
giving his daughter Prabhavati in marriage 
to Rudrasen II.
There is an iron pillar at Mehrauli 
near Delhi. It has not rusted even in the 
course of the last fifteen hundred years. It 
is an excellent specimen of the metallurgical 
skill of the ancient Indian people. The 
inscription on the pillar bears the name of 
a king called ‘Chandra’. It is on this basis 
that the iron pillar is assumed to be of the 
period of Chandragupta II.
A gold coin of Samudragupta - both sides
The Chinese traveller Fa Hien 
came to India during the reign of 
Chandragupta II. In his travelogue, he 
has described the social life during the 
Gupta period. He says that Indian 
cities are big and prosperous. There 
are several guest houses for travellers 
and also several charitable 
organizations. The city has hospitals 
where the poor get medical treatment 
free of charge. There are great vihars 
and temples. People are free to choose 
any occupation. They move about 
freely - there are no restrictions on 
their movement. Government officers 
and soldiers are paid their salaries 
regularly. People do not drink alcohol 
or commit violence. The administration 
of the Gupta rule is conducted in a 
proper and efficient manner.
Do you know ?
Page 4


36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8.1 The Shunga dynasty 
8.2 Indo-Greek kings 
8.3 Kushana kings
8.4 The Gupta dynasty
8.5 The Vardhan dynasty
8.6 Powers in Northeast India
8.1  The Shunga dynasty
After Emperor Ashoka, Maurya power 
started declining. The last Maurya Emperor 
was called Brihadratha. The Maurya 
General Pushyamitra Shunga revolted 
against Brihadratha, killed him and 
became the king himself.
8. States after the Maurya Empire
36 37
A silver coin of Menander - both sides
8.3  Kushana kings
India was invaded from time to time 
by several tribes. The Kushanas were one 
such tribe from Central Asia. They 
established their rule in the northwestern 
region and in Kashmir in the first century  
CE. The Kushana kings were the first to 
start minting of gold coins in India. They 
started the custom of putting the images 
of Gautama Buddha and different Indian 
deities on the coins. The Kushan king 
Kanishka extended their empire.
A gold coin of Kanishka - both sides
Kanishka’s gold coin : It was 
minted by Emperor Kanishka. It has 
the words ‘Shao Nano Shao 
Kaneshki Koshano’ on one side. It 
means ‘King of kings, Emperor 
Kanishka Kushana’. On the other 
side, there is an image of Gautama 
Buddha and the word ‘Boddo’, 
meaning Buddha, written in the 
Greek script.
8.2  Indo-Greek kings
During this period, there were several 
small kingdoms ruled by Greek kings to 
the northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
Those kings are known as Indo-Greek 
kings. In the history of the coins of ancient 
India, the coins of these kings are very 
important. They had a tradition of putting 
the picture of the king on one side and 
that of a deity on the other side. This 
tradition later took  root in India. One of 
the famous Indo-Greek kings was 
Menander, who discussed Buddhist 
philosophy with the Buddhist bhikkhu, 
Nagasena. Menander is also referred to as 
‘Milinda’.  The questions that he discussed 
with Bhikkhu Nagasena led to the creation 
of the book ‘Milind Panha’. The Pali word 
‘panha’ means ‘question’. 
Emperor Kanishka : Kanishka’s 
empire  extended from Kabul in the west 
to Varanasi in the east. Gold and copper 
coins minted by him have been found in 
North India. The fourth Buddhist  
Council was held in Kashmir during his 
reign. He established the city of 
Kanishkapur in Kashmir. It is believed 
that the village of Kampur near Srinagar 
today could be Kanishkapur.
The well-known poet Ashvaghosh 
lived during the reign of Kanishka. He 
wrote the texts ‘Buddhacharita’ and 
‘Vajrasuchi’. The famous vaidya 
Charaka was also in Kanishka’s court.
Do you know ?
38
8.4  The Gupta Dynasty
The end of the third century CE saw 
the rise of the Gupta dynasty in North 
India. The Guptas remained in power for 
nearly three centuries. ‘Shrigupta’ was the 
founder of the Gupta dynasty. 
Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were 
the notable kings of the Gupta dynasty.
Samudragupta : The expansion of 
the Gupta empire began during the reign 
of Chandragupta I. His son, Samudragupta, 
defeated the smaller neighbouring 
kingdoms and extended the empire further. 
In his time, the Gupta empire spread from 
Assam upto the Punjab. He had also 
conquered the eastern coastal region up to 
Kanchi in Tamilnadu. Due to these 
victories, his power came to be recognised 
everywhere. As a result, kings on the 
northwestern frontiers as well as those in 
Sri Lanka made treaties of friendship with 
him. A pillar inscription at Prayag 
describes Samudragupta’s conquests and 
victories. This inscription is known as  
‘Prayag-prashasti’ and also as ‘Allahabad 
Prashasti’. He was an expert veena player. 
He minted coins which had a variety of 
images engraved on them. In one of them, 
he is seen playing the veena. His name 
Samudragupta, is engraved on it.
Chandragupta II : After 
Samudragupta, his son Chandragupta II 
ascended the throne. He extended the 
Gupta empire towards the northwest. He 
also won Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra. 
He established good relations with the 
powerful Vakataka rulers in the south by 
giving his daughter Prabhavati in marriage 
to Rudrasen II.
There is an iron pillar at Mehrauli 
near Delhi. It has not rusted even in the 
course of the last fifteen hundred years. It 
is an excellent specimen of the metallurgical 
skill of the ancient Indian people. The 
inscription on the pillar bears the name of 
a king called ‘Chandra’. It is on this basis 
that the iron pillar is assumed to be of the 
period of Chandragupta II.
A gold coin of Samudragupta - both sides
The Chinese traveller Fa Hien 
came to India during the reign of 
Chandragupta II. In his travelogue, he 
has described the social life during the 
Gupta period. He says that Indian 
cities are big and prosperous. There 
are several guest houses for travellers 
and also several charitable 
organizations. The city has hospitals 
where the poor get medical treatment 
free of charge. There are great vihars 
and temples. People are free to choose 
any occupation. They move about 
freely - there are no restrictions on 
their movement. Government officers 
and soldiers are paid their salaries 
regularly. People do not drink alcohol 
or commit violence. The administration 
of the Gupta rule is conducted in a 
proper and efficient manner.
Do you know ?
39
In this period, the Bauddha bhikkhu, 
Fa Hien, came to India from China.  
He has written an account of his travels 
in India. From his writings, we learn 
about the efficient administration of the 
Gupta emperors. 
8.5  The Vardhan Dynasty
With the decline of the Gupta power, 
many States emerged in North India. The 
Vardhan dynasty was one of them. 
Prabhakar Vardhan was the king of 
Thanesar, near Delhi. The Vardhan 
dynasty became powerful during his reign. 
His son, Harshavardhan, expanded the 
Vardhan  Empire up to Nepal in the north, 
up to the river Narmada in the south, 
Assam in the east and Gujarat in the west. 
He had cordial relations with Raja 
Bhaskarvarman of  Kamrup, i.e., ancient 
Assam. He had also established friendly 
relations with the Emperor of China and 
even sent his ambassador to the Chinese 
court. 
The capital of Harshvardhan’s 
Empire was Kanauj. Trade flourished 
during his reign. He spent a large portion 
of his revenue for the welfare of the 
people. Every five years, he would 
distribute all his wealth amongst the 
people.
The court  poet Banabhatta wrote 
‘Harshacharita’, a biography of Emperor 
Harshavardhan. This text provides 
information on the life and achievements 
of Harshavardhan. Harshavardhan had 
become a follower of Buddhism but gave 
generous patronage to other religions, 
too. He wrote three Sanskrit plays 
‘Ratnavali’, ‘Naganand’ and 
‘Priyadarshika’. The Buddhist bhikkhu, 
Yuan Chwang had come to India from 
China during his regime. He travelled to 
all parts of India. He stayed at the 
Nalanda University for two years. On 
returning to his homeland, he translated 
many Buddhist manuscripts into Chinese. 
Yuan Chwang 
Yuan Chwang travelled all over 
India. He has words of praise for the 
people of Maharashtra. He writes, 
‘The people of Maharashtra are a 
proud people. They never forget a 
favour done to them but they do not 
spare anyone who insults them. They 
will help another in distress without a 
care even for their own life. They do 
not harm anyone who takes refuge 
with them.’
Do you know ?
Page 5


36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8.1 The Shunga dynasty 
8.2 Indo-Greek kings 
8.3 Kushana kings
8.4 The Gupta dynasty
8.5 The Vardhan dynasty
8.6 Powers in Northeast India
8.1  The Shunga dynasty
After Emperor Ashoka, Maurya power 
started declining. The last Maurya Emperor 
was called Brihadratha. The Maurya 
General Pushyamitra Shunga revolted 
against Brihadratha, killed him and 
became the king himself.
8. States after the Maurya Empire
36 37
A silver coin of Menander - both sides
8.3  Kushana kings
India was invaded from time to time 
by several tribes. The Kushanas were one 
such tribe from Central Asia. They 
established their rule in the northwestern 
region and in Kashmir in the first century  
CE. The Kushana kings were the first to 
start minting of gold coins in India. They 
started the custom of putting the images 
of Gautama Buddha and different Indian 
deities on the coins. The Kushan king 
Kanishka extended their empire.
A gold coin of Kanishka - both sides
Kanishka’s gold coin : It was 
minted by Emperor Kanishka. It has 
the words ‘Shao Nano Shao 
Kaneshki Koshano’ on one side. It 
means ‘King of kings, Emperor 
Kanishka Kushana’. On the other 
side, there is an image of Gautama 
Buddha and the word ‘Boddo’, 
meaning Buddha, written in the 
Greek script.
8.2  Indo-Greek kings
During this period, there were several 
small kingdoms ruled by Greek kings to 
the northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
Those kings are known as Indo-Greek 
kings. In the history of the coins of ancient 
India, the coins of these kings are very 
important. They had a tradition of putting 
the picture of the king on one side and 
that of a deity on the other side. This 
tradition later took  root in India. One of 
the famous Indo-Greek kings was 
Menander, who discussed Buddhist 
philosophy with the Buddhist bhikkhu, 
Nagasena. Menander is also referred to as 
‘Milinda’.  The questions that he discussed 
with Bhikkhu Nagasena led to the creation 
of the book ‘Milind Panha’. The Pali word 
‘panha’ means ‘question’. 
Emperor Kanishka : Kanishka’s 
empire  extended from Kabul in the west 
to Varanasi in the east. Gold and copper 
coins minted by him have been found in 
North India. The fourth Buddhist  
Council was held in Kashmir during his 
reign. He established the city of 
Kanishkapur in Kashmir. It is believed 
that the village of Kampur near Srinagar 
today could be Kanishkapur.
The well-known poet Ashvaghosh 
lived during the reign of Kanishka. He 
wrote the texts ‘Buddhacharita’ and 
‘Vajrasuchi’. The famous vaidya 
Charaka was also in Kanishka’s court.
Do you know ?
38
8.4  The Gupta Dynasty
The end of the third century CE saw 
the rise of the Gupta dynasty in North 
India. The Guptas remained in power for 
nearly three centuries. ‘Shrigupta’ was the 
founder of the Gupta dynasty. 
Samudragupta and Chandragupta II were 
the notable kings of the Gupta dynasty.
Samudragupta : The expansion of 
the Gupta empire began during the reign 
of Chandragupta I. His son, Samudragupta, 
defeated the smaller neighbouring 
kingdoms and extended the empire further. 
In his time, the Gupta empire spread from 
Assam upto the Punjab. He had also 
conquered the eastern coastal region up to 
Kanchi in Tamilnadu. Due to these 
victories, his power came to be recognised 
everywhere. As a result, kings on the 
northwestern frontiers as well as those in 
Sri Lanka made treaties of friendship with 
him. A pillar inscription at Prayag 
describes Samudragupta’s conquests and 
victories. This inscription is known as  
‘Prayag-prashasti’ and also as ‘Allahabad 
Prashasti’. He was an expert veena player. 
He minted coins which had a variety of 
images engraved on them. In one of them, 
he is seen playing the veena. His name 
Samudragupta, is engraved on it.
Chandragupta II : After 
Samudragupta, his son Chandragupta II 
ascended the throne. He extended the 
Gupta empire towards the northwest. He 
also won Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra. 
He established good relations with the 
powerful Vakataka rulers in the south by 
giving his daughter Prabhavati in marriage 
to Rudrasen II.
There is an iron pillar at Mehrauli 
near Delhi. It has not rusted even in the 
course of the last fifteen hundred years. It 
is an excellent specimen of the metallurgical 
skill of the ancient Indian people. The 
inscription on the pillar bears the name of 
a king called ‘Chandra’. It is on this basis 
that the iron pillar is assumed to be of the 
period of Chandragupta II.
A gold coin of Samudragupta - both sides
The Chinese traveller Fa Hien 
came to India during the reign of 
Chandragupta II. In his travelogue, he 
has described the social life during the 
Gupta period. He says that Indian 
cities are big and prosperous. There 
are several guest houses for travellers 
and also several charitable 
organizations. The city has hospitals 
where the poor get medical treatment 
free of charge. There are great vihars 
and temples. People are free to choose 
any occupation. They move about 
freely - there are no restrictions on 
their movement. Government officers 
and soldiers are paid their salaries 
regularly. People do not drink alcohol 
or commit violence. The administration 
of the Gupta rule is conducted in a 
proper and efficient manner.
Do you know ?
39
In this period, the Bauddha bhikkhu, 
Fa Hien, came to India from China.  
He has written an account of his travels 
in India. From his writings, we learn 
about the efficient administration of the 
Gupta emperors. 
8.5  The Vardhan Dynasty
With the decline of the Gupta power, 
many States emerged in North India. The 
Vardhan dynasty was one of them. 
Prabhakar Vardhan was the king of 
Thanesar, near Delhi. The Vardhan 
dynasty became powerful during his reign. 
His son, Harshavardhan, expanded the 
Vardhan  Empire up to Nepal in the north, 
up to the river Narmada in the south, 
Assam in the east and Gujarat in the west. 
He had cordial relations with Raja 
Bhaskarvarman of  Kamrup, i.e., ancient 
Assam. He had also established friendly 
relations with the Emperor of China and 
even sent his ambassador to the Chinese 
court. 
The capital of Harshvardhan’s 
Empire was Kanauj. Trade flourished 
during his reign. He spent a large portion 
of his revenue for the welfare of the 
people. Every five years, he would 
distribute all his wealth amongst the 
people.
The court  poet Banabhatta wrote 
‘Harshacharita’, a biography of Emperor 
Harshavardhan. This text provides 
information on the life and achievements 
of Harshavardhan. Harshavardhan had 
become a follower of Buddhism but gave 
generous patronage to other religions, 
too. He wrote three Sanskrit plays 
‘Ratnavali’, ‘Naganand’ and 
‘Priyadarshika’. The Buddhist bhikkhu, 
Yuan Chwang had come to India from 
China during his regime. He travelled to 
all parts of India. He stayed at the 
Nalanda University for two years. On 
returning to his homeland, he translated 
many Buddhist manuscripts into Chinese. 
Yuan Chwang 
Yuan Chwang travelled all over 
India. He has words of praise for the 
people of Maharashtra. He writes, 
‘The people of Maharashtra are a 
proud people. They never forget a 
favour done to them but they do not 
spare anyone who insults them. They 
will help another in distress without a 
care even for their own life. They do 
not harm anyone who takes refuge 
with them.’
Do you know ?
40
8.6  Powers in Northeast India 
A story in Mahabharata tells about 
the marriage of Arjuna and Ulupi - the 
princess of Manipur State in East India. 
The State of ‘Kamrup’ emerged in the 
fourth century CE. It was established by 
Pushyavarman. His name has been 
mentioned in the pillar inscription of 
Samudragupta at Allahabad. Many 
inscriptions of the Kamrup kings are 
available. The epics Mahabharata and 
Ramayana use the name ‘Pragjyotish’ for 
Kamrup. The capital of that State was 
‘Pragjyotishpur’. Today, we know it as 
the city of Guwahati in Assam.
In the book ‘Periplus of the Erythrean 
Sea’, Kamrup is mentioned as ‘Kirhadiya’ 
or ‘the region of the Kirat people’. The 
Kamrup kingdom extended in the 
Brahmaputra river basin, Bhutan, some 
parts of Bengal and Bihar. During the 
reign of king Bhaskarvarman, Yuan 
Chwang had visited ‘Kamrup’.
In this chapter, we learnt about the 
different kingdoms in North India that 
emerged in the period after the Mauryas. 
Similarly, we also learnt about the 
situation in the northeastern part of India 
during that period. In the next chapter, we 
will get acquainted with the kingdoms of 
the south of the same period. 
According to the Indian tradition, Kashmir was known as Kashyapapur in 
ancient times. Greek historians have mentioned it by the names of Kaspapyros, 
Kaspatyros and Kasperia. There is a mention that the Kamboj dynasty ruled there 
during the period of the Mahabharata. During Emperor Ashoka’s period, Kashmir 
had become a part of the Maurya Empire. In the 7th century CE, Kashmir was 
ruled by the Karkot dynasty. Kalhan has written about it in his book ‘Rajtarangini’.
Nalanda University
Do you know ?