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FAQs on NCERT Textbook: Heredity - Science & Technology for UPSC CSE

1. What is heredity and evolution?
Ans. Heredity refers to the passing of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through genetic information. Evolution, on the other hand, is the process of gradual change in inherited traits over successive generations, leading to the development of new species. In simple terms, heredity is about the similarities between parents and their children, while evolution is about the differences between species.
2. How does heredity occur?
Ans. Heredity occurs through the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. This genetic information is stored in DNA molecules, which are present in the chromosomes of cells. During sexual reproduction, the genetic material from both parents combines to form a unique set of traits in the offspring. This process ensures that the offspring inherit certain characteristics from their parents.
3. What factors contribute to variations in a species?
Ans. Variations in a species are caused by several factors. One major factor is genetic variation, which arises due to the recombination of genetic material during sexual reproduction. The process of mutation, which is a random change in the DNA sequence, also contributes to variations. Additionally, environmental factors such as climate, habitat, and availability of resources can influence variations within a species.
4. How does natural selection lead to evolution?
Ans. Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin. It states that individuals with favorable traits or variations that are better suited to their environment have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing, passing on these advantageous traits to their offspring. Over time, this leads to a gradual change in the frequency of certain traits within a population, resulting in the evolution of new species.
5. What are the evidences for evolution?
Ans. There are several evidences for evolution, including fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular biology, and biogeography. Fossil records provide evidence of extinct species and transitional forms, showing the evolution of different organisms over time. Comparative anatomy highlights similarities and differences in the structure of different species, indicating a common ancestry. Embryology reveals similarities in the early stages of development among different organisms. Molecular biology examines genetic similarities between species, while biogeography studies the distribution of species across different geographical regions, providing insights into their evolutionary history.
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