The Supreme Court in the Romesh Thappar case emphasized that freedom of speech under Article 19(1)(a) includes ___ and ___.

Freedom of propagation of ideas and freedom of circulation

True or False: The A.K. Gopalan case established that Article 21 provides protection against both executive and legislative actions.

False. Article 21 protects only against executive actions.

The Champakam Dorairajan case ruled that communal reservations violate which Articles?

Articles 15(1) and 29(2)

Fill in the blank: The Shankari Prasad case distinguished between ___ law and ___ law.

Legislative law and constituent law

What significant doctrine was established in the Kesavananda Bharati case regarding the amending power of Parliament?

The doctrine of the basic structure, which limits Parliament's power to amend the Constitution.

True or False: The Berubari Union case allowed Parliament to cede Indian territory to a foreign state without a constitutional amendment.

False. It required a constitutional amendment under Article 368.

What impact did the K.M. Nanavati case have on the jury system in India?

It highlighted deficiencies in the jury system, leading to its eventual abolition.

In the I.C. Golak Nath case, the Supreme Court ruled that constitutional amendments cannot diminish fundamental rights under Article ___ and ___ .

13(2) and 368

Fill in the blank: The Indira Nehru Gandhi case invalidated Article 329A(4) because it affected the ___ structure of the constitution.

Basic

What principle was reaffirmed in the A.D.M. Jabalpur case regarding the right to life during a state of emergency?

Article 21 was interpreted restrictively, allowing suspension of the right to file for habeas corpus during an emergency.

True or False: The Maneka Gandhi case introduced the American concept of 'due process of law' into Indian legal interpretation.

True.

The Bachan Singh case established that the death penalty should be an exception in cases of murder, limited to ___ of ___ cases.

Rarest of rare cases

What was the Supreme Court's ruling regarding the ordinance-making power of the Governor in the D.C. Wadhwa case?

The court ruled that excessive use of ordinance-making power amounted to a subversion of the democratic process.

Fill in the blank: The Mohini Jain case recognized the right to ___ as a fundamental right under Article 21.

Education

What restrictions did the Indra Sawhney case place on the reservation for OBCs in government jobs?

Exclusion of the creamy layer, no reservation in promotions, and a maximum of 50% reservation.

In the Minerva Mills case, which clauses of the 42nd Amendment were invalidated for undermining the basic structure of the constitution?

Clauses (4) and (5) of Article 368.

True or False: The Waman Rao case allowed all amendments affecting the Ninth Schedule after April 24, 1973, to be valid without any conditions.

False. Amendments after this date are subject to challenge if they undermine the basic structure.

What was the primary focus of the M.C. Mehta case regarding the Supreme Court's powers under Article 32?

The court asserted its power to award compensation for breaches of fundamental rights.

Fill in the blank: The Kihoto Hollo Han case declared that paragraph 7 of the Tenth Schedule was unconstitutional for violating Article ___ .

368(2)