The Bhakti movement emphasizes that anyone can receive God's grace through ___ regardless of caste.

Devotion

True or False: The teachings of Buddha and Jainas promoted the idea of social hierarchy as a means of achieving liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

False. The teachings of Buddha and Jainas encouraged overcoming social differences through personal effort.

The Nayanars and Alvars emphasized ___ as the true way to achieve spiritual liberation.

Deep, personal love and devotion to their deities

True or False: The poems of the Nayanars were compiled into a collection called Divya Prabandham.

False. The poems of the Nayanars were compiled into two collections called Tevaram and Tiruvacakam.

Advaita Vedanta teaches that the individual soul (Atman) and the Supreme God (Brahman) are ___ and the same.

One

True or False: According to Vishishtadvaita, the soul is completely merged with the Supreme God and loses its individuality.

False. The doctrine of Vishishtadvaita asserts that while the soul is united with the Supreme God, it remains distinct and retains its individuality.

Virashaivism, emerging in the mid-twelfth century, primarily advocated for ___ and ___ among all individuals.

Equality and rejection of caste discrimination

True or False: The saint-poets of the Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra emphasized ritualistic practices and social distinctions.

False. They rejected ritualistic practices and social distinctions.

The core belief of Virashaivism is the rejection of ___ and ___ in favor of egalitarian values.

Rituals and idol worship

Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas, and Yogis are known for their dissatisfaction with ___ and ___ rules.

Conventional rituals and societal

True or False: The practices of Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas, and Yogis included a strong emphasis on material wealth and social status.

False. Their practices involved renouncing worldly possessions and focusing on deep meditation.

Sufism emphasizes a personal connection with God, similar to that of a ___ with their ___?

Lover; beloved

True or False: Sufi practices include elaborate rituals and formalized prayers.

False; Sufis reject elaborate rituals and seek union with God through simpler spiritual practices.

Islam promotes ___ and rejects ___ worship.

Strict monotheism; idol

What were khanqahs used for in Sufi tradition?

Khanqahs were used for spiritual assemblies where people gathered to discuss spiritual matters, seek blessings, and participate in music and dance.