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GA TE CE 2026 F orm ula Sheet: Soil Mec hanics
1. Three-Phase System and Phase Relationships
• V olume relationships:
V =V
s
+V
w
+V
a
where:
– V : T otal v olume (m³)
– V
s
: V olume of solids (m³)
– V
w
: V olume of w ater (m³)
– V
a
: V olume of air (m³)
• W eigh t relationships:
W =W
s
+W
w
where:
2. Index Prop erties
– Liquid limit (flo w index):
I
f
=
w
1
-w
2
log(N
2
/N
1
)
where:
3. Unified and Indian Standard Soil Classification System
* P article size ranges (Unified S oil Classification System, USCS):
Gra v el : 4.75 mm-76.2 mm, Sand : 0.075 mm-4.75 mm
Silt and Cla y :< 0.075 mm
* USCS classification:
Coarse-grained :> 50%
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