Page 2
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
01
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
00
01
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
1 = 1
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
00
10
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
1 = 1.
(ii) Let ? =
10 4
35 1
01 2
-
M
11
= Minor of a
11
=
51
12
-
= 10 – (– 1) = 10 + 1 = 11,
A
11
= (– 1)
1 + 1
M
11
= (– 1)
2
11 = 11
M
12
= Minor of a
12
=
31
02
-
= 6 – 0 = 6,
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
6 = – 6
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
35
01
= 3 – 0 = 3,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
3 = 3
24
Page 3
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
01
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
00
01
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
1 = 1
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
00
10
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
1 = 1.
(ii) Let ? =
10 4
35 1
01 2
-
M
11
= Minor of a
11
=
51
12
-
= 10 – (– 1) = 10 + 1 = 11,
A
11
= (– 1)
1 + 1
M
11
= (– 1)
2
11 = 11
M
12
= Minor of a
12
=
31
02
-
= 6 – 0 = 6,
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
6 = – 6
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
35
01
= 3 – 0 = 3,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
3 = 3
24
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
04
12
= 0 – 4 = – 4,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
(– 4) = 4
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
14
02
= 2 – 0 = 2,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
2 = 2
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
1 = – 1
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
04
51 -
= 0 – 20 = – 20,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
(– 20) = – 20
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
14
31 -
= – 1 – 12 = – 13,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
(– 13) = 13
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
35
= 5 – 0 = 5,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
5 = 5.
Note. Two Most Important Results
1. Sum of the products of the elements of any row or column
of a determinant ? with their corresponding factors is = ?.
i.e., ? ? ? ? ? = a
11
A
11
+ a
12
A
12
+ a
13
A
13
etc.
2. Sum of the products of the elements of any row or column
of a determinant ? with the cofactors of any other row or
column of ? is zero.
For example, a
11
A
21
+ a
12
A
22
+ a
13
A
23
= 0.
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate
? ? ? ? ? =
53 8
20 1
12 3
.
Sol. ? =
53 8
201
12 3
Elements of second row of ? are a
21
= 2, a
22
= 0, a
23
= 1
A
21
= Cofactor of a
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
38
23
(
.
.
.
A
ij
= (– 1)
i + j
M
ij
]
? ?
(determinant obtained by omitting second row and first column of ?)
= (– 1)
3
(9 – 16) = – (– 7) = 7
25
Page 4
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
01
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
00
01
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
1 = 1
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
00
10
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
1 = 1.
(ii) Let ? =
10 4
35 1
01 2
-
M
11
= Minor of a
11
=
51
12
-
= 10 – (– 1) = 10 + 1 = 11,
A
11
= (– 1)
1 + 1
M
11
= (– 1)
2
11 = 11
M
12
= Minor of a
12
=
31
02
-
= 6 – 0 = 6,
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
6 = – 6
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
35
01
= 3 – 0 = 3,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
3 = 3
24
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
04
12
= 0 – 4 = – 4,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
(– 4) = 4
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
14
02
= 2 – 0 = 2,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
2 = 2
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
1 = – 1
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
04
51 -
= 0 – 20 = – 20,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
(– 20) = – 20
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
14
31 -
= – 1 – 12 = – 13,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
(– 13) = 13
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
35
= 5 – 0 = 5,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
5 = 5.
Note. Two Most Important Results
1. Sum of the products of the elements of any row or column
of a determinant ? with their corresponding factors is = ?.
i.e., ? ? ? ? ? = a
11
A
11
+ a
12
A
12
+ a
13
A
13
etc.
2. Sum of the products of the elements of any row or column
of a determinant ? with the cofactors of any other row or
column of ? is zero.
For example, a
11
A
21
+ a
12
A
22
+ a
13
A
23
= 0.
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate
? ? ? ? ? =
53 8
20 1
12 3
.
Sol. ? =
53 8
201
12 3
Elements of second row of ? are a
21
= 2, a
22
= 0, a
23
= 1
A
21
= Cofactor of a
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
38
23
(
.
.
.
A
ij
= (– 1)
i + j
M
ij
]
? ?
(determinant obtained by omitting second row and first column of ?)
= (– 1)
3
(9 – 16) = – (– 7) = 7
25
A
22
= Cofactor of a
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
58
13
= (– 1)
4
(15 – 8) = 7
A
23
= Cofactor a
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
53
12
= (– 1)
5
(10 – 3) = – 7
Now by Result I of Note after the solution of Q. No. 2,
? ? ? ? ? = a
21
A
21
+ a
22
A
22
+ a
23
A
23
= 2(7) + 0(7) + 1(– 7) = 14 – 7 = 7.
Remark. The above method of finding the value of ? is equivalent
to expanding ? along second row.
4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate
? ? ? ? ? =
1
1
1
xyz
yzx
zxy
.
Sol. ? =
1
1
1
xyz
yzx
zxy
Here elements of third column of ? are
a
13
= yz, a
23
= zx, a
33
= xy
A
13
= Cofactor of a
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
1
1
y
z
= (– 1)
4
(z – y) = z – y
?
(determinant obtained by omitting first row and third column of ?)
A
23
= Cofactor of a
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
1
1
x
z
= (– 1)
5
(z – x) = – (z – x)
A
33
= Cofactor of a
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
1
1
x
y
= (– 1)
6
(y – x) = y – x
Now by Result I of Note after the solution of Q. NO. 2,
? ? ? ? ? = a
13
A
13
+ a
23
A
23
+ a
33
A
33
= yz(z – y) + zx[– (z – x)] + xy( y – x)
= yz
2
– y
2
z – z
2
x + zx
2
+ xy
2
– x
2
y
= (yz
2
– y
2
z) + (xy
2
– xz
2
) + (zx
2
– x
2
y)
= yz(z – y) + x( y
2
– z
2
) – x
2
( y – z)
= – yz(y – z) + x( y + z)( y – z) – x
2
( y – z)
= ( y – z) [– yz + xy + xz – x
2
]
= ( y – z)[– y(z – x) + x(z – x)]
= ( y – z) (z – x)(– y + x) = (x – y)( y – z)(z – x)
Remark. The above method of finding the value of ? is equivalent
to expanding ? along third column.
26
Page 5
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
01
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
00
01
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
0 = 0
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
1 = 1
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
00
10
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
0 = 0
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
10
00
= 0 – 0 = 0,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
0 = 0
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
1 = 1.
(ii) Let ? =
10 4
35 1
01 2
-
M
11
= Minor of a
11
=
51
12
-
= 10 – (– 1) = 10 + 1 = 11,
A
11
= (– 1)
1 + 1
M
11
= (– 1)
2
11 = 11
M
12
= Minor of a
12
=
31
02
-
= 6 – 0 = 6,
A
12
= (– 1)
1 + 2
M
12
= (– 1)
3
6 = – 6
M
13
= Minor of a
13
=
35
01
= 3 – 0 = 3,
A
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
M
13
= (– 1)
4
3 = 3
24
M
21
= Minor of a
21
=
04
12
= 0 – 4 = – 4,
A
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
M
21
= (– 1)
3
(– 4) = 4
M
22
= Minor of a
22
=
14
02
= 2 – 0 = 2,
A
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
M
22
= (– 1)
4
2 = 2
M
23
= Minor of a
23
=
10
01
= 1 – 0 = 1,
A
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
M
23
= (– 1)
5
1 = – 1
M
31
= Minor of a
31
=
04
51 -
= 0 – 20 = – 20,
A
31
= (– 1)
3 + 1
M
31
= (– 1)
4
(– 20) = – 20
M
32
= Minor of a
32
=
14
31 -
= – 1 – 12 = – 13,
A
32
= (– 1)
3 + 2
M
32
= (– 1)
5
(– 13) = 13
M
33
= Minor of a
33
=
10
35
= 5 – 0 = 5,
A
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
M
33
= (– 1)
6
5 = 5.
Note. Two Most Important Results
1. Sum of the products of the elements of any row or column
of a determinant ? with their corresponding factors is = ?.
i.e., ? ? ? ? ? = a
11
A
11
+ a
12
A
12
+ a
13
A
13
etc.
2. Sum of the products of the elements of any row or column
of a determinant ? with the cofactors of any other row or
column of ? is zero.
For example, a
11
A
21
+ a
12
A
22
+ a
13
A
23
= 0.
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate
? ? ? ? ? =
53 8
20 1
12 3
.
Sol. ? =
53 8
201
12 3
Elements of second row of ? are a
21
= 2, a
22
= 0, a
23
= 1
A
21
= Cofactor of a
21
= (– 1)
2 + 1
38
23
(
.
.
.
A
ij
= (– 1)
i + j
M
ij
]
? ?
(determinant obtained by omitting second row and first column of ?)
= (– 1)
3
(9 – 16) = – (– 7) = 7
25
A
22
= Cofactor of a
22
= (– 1)
2 + 2
58
13
= (– 1)
4
(15 – 8) = 7
A
23
= Cofactor a
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
53
12
= (– 1)
5
(10 – 3) = – 7
Now by Result I of Note after the solution of Q. No. 2,
? ? ? ? ? = a
21
A
21
+ a
22
A
22
+ a
23
A
23
= 2(7) + 0(7) + 1(– 7) = 14 – 7 = 7.
Remark. The above method of finding the value of ? is equivalent
to expanding ? along second row.
4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate
? ? ? ? ? =
1
1
1
xyz
yzx
zxy
.
Sol. ? =
1
1
1
xyz
yzx
zxy
Here elements of third column of ? are
a
13
= yz, a
23
= zx, a
33
= xy
A
13
= Cofactor of a
13
= (– 1)
1 + 3
1
1
y
z
= (– 1)
4
(z – y) = z – y
?
(determinant obtained by omitting first row and third column of ?)
A
23
= Cofactor of a
23
= (– 1)
2 + 3
1
1
x
z
= (– 1)
5
(z – x) = – (z – x)
A
33
= Cofactor of a
33
= (– 1)
3 + 3
1
1
x
y
= (– 1)
6
(y – x) = y – x
Now by Result I of Note after the solution of Q. NO. 2,
? ? ? ? ? = a
13
A
13
+ a
23
A
23
+ a
33
A
33
= yz(z – y) + zx[– (z – x)] + xy( y – x)
= yz
2
– y
2
z – z
2
x + zx
2
+ xy
2
– x
2
y
= (yz
2
– y
2
z) + (xy
2
– xz
2
) + (zx
2
– x
2
y)
= yz(z – y) + x( y
2
– z
2
) – x
2
( y – z)
= – yz(y – z) + x( y + z)( y – z) – x
2
( y – z)
= ( y – z) [– yz + xy + xz – x
2
]
= ( y – z)[– y(z – x) + x(z – x)]
= ( y – z) (z – x)(– y + x) = (x – y)( y – z)(z – x)
Remark. The above method of finding the value of ? is equivalent
to expanding ? along third column.
26
5. If ? ? ? ? ? =
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
aa a
aa a
aa a
and A
ij
is Cofactor of a
ij
, then value
of ? ? ? ? ? is given by
(A) a
11
A
31
+ a
12
A
32
+ a
13
A
33
(B) a
11
A
11
+ a
12
A
21
+ a
13
A
31
(C) a
21
A
11
+ a
22
A
12
+ a
23
A
13
(D) a
11
A
11
+ a
21
A
21
+ a
31
A
31
.
Sol. Option (D) is correct answer as given in Result I of Note after
solution of Q. No. 2 and used in the solution of Q. No. 3 and 4
above.
Remark. The values of expressions given in options (A) and
(C) are each equal to zero as given in Result II of Note after
solution of Q. No. 2.
27
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