RSMSSB Librarian Grade-III Paper 2 Mock Test- 2 - RPSC RAS (Rajasthan) MCQ

The Correct answer is A, B and C.

Explanation

• Roy Tennant, a well-known figure in the library and information science community, argued that "MARC Must Die" in his 2002 article.
• He emphasized the need for libraries to move beyond the MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging) format to more modern, flexible metadata standards.

Criticism of MARC: In his 2002 article titled "MARC Must Die," Tennant argued that the MARC format was outdated and inadequate for the evolving needs of libraries and digital information management.

Key points of criticism included:

• Inflexibility: MARC's rigid structure made it difficult to adapt to new types of data and emerging metadata standards.
• Complexity: The format was seen as overly complex, requiring specialized knowledge to create and interpret MARC records.
• Lack of interoperability: MARC's format was not easily compatible with modern web technologies and digital library initiatives.

The Correct answer is the Object-Oriented Model.

Explanation
Object-Oriented Databases:

• ​An object database presents information in the form of objects, akin to object-oriented programming.
• The object-oriented data model (OODM) is the basis for the object-oriented database management system (OODBMS). .
• Unlike relational databases that are table-oriented, object-oriented databases follow the object-oriented data model, rooted in concepts widely used in object-oriented programming languages.
• Key concepts from object-oriented programming, such as inheritance, polymorphism, overloading, object identity, encapsulation, and information hiding, are integral to the object-oriented data model.

Other Related Points
Relational Database:

• ​E. F. Codd introduced the relational database in 1970, and the software systems used to manage these databases are known as Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS).
• In this model, data is structured in rows and columns, forming two-dimensional tables, and relationships are maintained by storing a common field.
• The key components of a relational database include:
  • Relations: Tables with rows and columns.
  • Attributes: Named columns in a relation.
  • Domains: The set of values attributes can take.

Network databases:

• ​Network databases resemble the Hierarchical database model, often referred to as a modified version of it.
• In the network database model, data is organized like a graph, allowing for more than one parent node.
• A Network Database Management System is a system in which data elements maintain either a one-to-one relationship (1:1) or a many-to-many relationship (N:N).

​Entity-Relationship Model:

• The Entity-Relationship (ER) model was originally developed by Peter Chen in 1976.
• It unifies the network and relational database views. It is a conceptual data model that views the real world as entities and relationships.
• In this model an Entity-Relationship diagram is used to visually represent data concepts.
• Thus, it provides a graphic representation of entities, attributes, and relationships.
• Today this model is commonly used for database design.

The Correct answer is B, C and D.
Explanation
ISBN:

• ​ISBN means International Standard Book Number. ISBNs give a unique identifier to every edition of a book published (and also to many book-like products, including e-books).
• There are five groups of numbers in 13-digit ISBN, whereas the 10-digit ISBN had four groups.
  • Prefix element: The first, leftmost element, of an ISBN, apart from the designator "ISBN-13:", is the prefix element. It is always three characters long.
  • Registration group element: The registration group element is the second section of a 13-digit ISBN and refers to the country, geographical area, or language area of the book.
  • Registrant element: The registrant element is the third section of a 13-digit ISBN and refers to the publisher or imprint issued that identifier within the registration group. It is the same as the publisher identifier in a 10-digit ISBN.
  • Publication element: The publication element is the fourth element of a 13-digit ISBN and refers to the specific publication by that registrant within that registration group. It is the same as the title identifier in a 10-digit ISBN.
  • Check digit: The check digit completes the 13-digit ISBN and performs the same function as the check digit in a 10-digit ISBN, and is calculated in a similar way, with some major detail differences.

Additional Information

• The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007.
• The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966.
• The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the ISO and was published in 1970 as the international standard ISO 2108.
• In India – The Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency for ISBN provides ISBN.
• David Whittakar is regarded as the father of ISBN.

The correct answer is Basic Facet.

Explanation

• The Colon Classification (CC) is a library classification system developed by S. R. Ranganathan.
• It uses a combination of letters and numbers to represent different subjects and facets.
• The Basic Facet is the main category or primary subject in a classification.
• In the given class number 'LB, 9C', LB represents the Basic Facet.
• The Basic Facet in this context pertains to a broad subject area such as 'Medicine'.
• Other facets like Specials Facet and Common Isolate are used to further refine the classification.

Other Related Points

Specials Facet:

• The Specials Facet is used to denote a specific aspect or sub-category within the main subject.
• For example, within 'Medicine', a Specials Facet could denote 'Pediatrics' or 'Surgery'.

Common Isolate:

• Common Isolates are elements that can be applied across different subjects, such as 'form', 'place', or 'time'.
• They are often used to provide additional context or detail to the main classification.

System Facet:

• The System Facet refers to a specific system or structure within a subject.
• In the context of 'Medicine', a System Facet might refer to 'Cardiovascular System' or 'Nervous System'

The Correct answer is General Material Designation.

Explanation

• In AACR-2R (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition, Revised), GMD stands for General Material Designation.
• It refers to a brief term or phrase that describes the general physical format of a resource (e.g., book, CD, DVD, etc.).
• The GMD helps users quickly understand the type of material they are dealing with.
• The General Material Designation (GMD) is a term or phrase enclosed in brackets that is inserted after an item's title in a catalog record.
• It serves to quickly inform users about the type of material the item represents, such as "manuscript."

History of GMD:

• The General Material Designation (GMD) was introduced in 1967 as "qualifiers" within AACR1.
• Initially, they were intended to be added to titles of motion pictures, filmstrips, phonodiscs, phono wires, and phonotapes to distinguish them from books with the same title in the catalog.
• The first two qualifiers, "motion pictures" and "filmstrips," were part of a longer list of "medium designators," while the qualifiers for sound recordings were replaced by a single term, "Sound recording," during the 1975 revision of AACR1.
• From 1977, GMD was optional, and in AACR2 (starting in 1978), it was provided in two GMD lists: List 1 for Britain and List 2 for North America.

The Correct answer is Principle of Social Purpose.

Explanation

Principles for Mapping the Universe of Knowledge:

• D.W. Langridge (1925-2001), a well-known English librarian, identifies four principles for mapping of the universe of knowledge. These, however, are not mutually exclusive.

Ideological Principle:

• These principles are rooted in specific schools of thought or ideologically held beliefs.
• Historical examples include Christian schemes from the Middle Ages, while a contemporary instance is the Russian classification system BBK, which centralized Marxism-Leninism as the core of the universe of knowledge.
• Every scheme, to some extent, carries inherent ideology, making it challenging to be entirely unbiased or independent of the cultural context of its origin.
• The Dewey Decimal Classification, for instance, needs adaptation to classify African and Asian subjects.

Principle of Social Purpose:

• The Vedic system (1500BC) categorizes knowledge into Dharm (Normative principles), Arth (social sciences), Kam (Pure sciences and arts), and Moksh (spiritual knowledge), representing a principle of social purpose.
• This broad classification orders knowledge by decreasing current social utility and increasing potential for future use.
• Dharma is crucial for societal formation and preservation, Kam is optional, while Moksha is concerned with life beyond death.
• While a theoretical classification, it has not been the basis for a library or detailed knowledge classification.
• Although influenced by it, S.R. Ranganathan did not employ it as the basis for his Colon Classification.

Scientific Order:

• This principle is based on a natural and logical order of subjects. E.C. Richardson crystallized its principles in his renowned work, "Classification: Theoretical and Practical" (1901). C.A. Cutter (1837-1903) utilized the evolutionary order of main classes in his Expansive Classification (1893), inspired by the belief that the order of sciences mirrors the order of things and their complexity.
• This idea is influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
• J.E.L. Ferradane (1906-1989) and D.J. Foskett (1918-2004) further developed this theory of Integrative Levels, asserting that it identifies and orders all entities or objects of knowledge by providing a structured framework.

Principle Arrangement by Disciplines:

• A discipline can be understood as a cohesive body of knowledge focused on specific subjects or areas of study, often approached from distinct perspectives or methodologies.
• Melvil Dewey, known for his significant contributions to knowledge organization, emphasized the division of knowledge by discipline.
• According to the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Glossary, a discipline is defined as an organized field of study dealing with specific subjects or subjects viewed from specific perspectives.
• The concept of organizing knowledge by discipline traces back to Francis Bacon, an eminent English philosopher, writer, and scientist, in his work "The Advancement of Learning" (1605).
• Bacon proposed that knowledge could be classified into three major disciplines based on the faculties of the human mind: Memory, Imagination, and Reason.
• These disciplines corresponded to History, Arts, and Sciences, respectively.

The Correct answer is Libraries.

ExplanationDefinition of Corporate Body and Corporate Author:

• Corporate Body (as defined by S.R. Ranganathan in CCC):
  • Sense 1: A group of individuals collectively engaged in a common cause or activity, either formally or informally, such as government entities, business organizations, or political bodies (e.g., Government of Madhya Pradesh, Indian Library Association).
  • Sense 2: A collection of such corporate bodies united for a specific cause or action (e.g., United Nations, IFLA).
• A Corporate Author refers to a corporate body responsible for the ideas and expression of a work, independent of the individual capacities of its members or office holders.
• Corporate Body (as defined by AACR-2R): An organization or group of individuals identified by a specific name and acting as an entity. Examples include associations, institutions, business firms, government bodies, religious organizations, and conferences.

Genesis and Types of Corporate Author:

• Panizzi's British Museum Rules (1841)
  • Introduced the idea of corporate authorship.
  • Preference was for entries under place names, with some exceptions (e.g., international societies, religious bodies).
• Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue (1876)
  • Expanded on Panizzi’s ideas, focusing on entries under organization names.
  • Exceptions were made for official organizations, which were entered under place names.
• Four types of corporate bodies were identified:
  • Government
  • Institutions
  • Societies
  • Conferences
• ​Further Developments
  • AA Catalogue Rules (1908): Distinguished between institutions and societies.
  • ALA Catalogue Code (1949): Maintained the distinction, emphasizing that institutions require physical setups, unlike societies.
  • Lubetzky’s Critique: Recommended dropping the distinction and cataloging all corporate entries under the organization name with geographic identifiers in case of conflict.
  • Ranganathan’s Critique: Criticized the distinction, arguing that organizations often have permanent setups, while institutions frequently change locations.

The correct answer is "Law of parsimony".

Key Points

• Law of parsimony-
  • ​The law directs that between two or more possible alternatives bearing on a particular phenomenon the one leading to the overall economy of manpower, material, money, and time, considered together with proper weightage, is to be preferred.
  • A faceted scheme consists of a set of schedules instead of a single schedule for all subjects in an enumerative classification. Our experience shows that the length of schedules gets reduced in the first one, thereby satisfying the law of parsimony.
  • Example: In case a collection is to be reclassified the law of parsimony would suggest that only that part of the collection be classified which is known to be in much use, and also those documents that are returned by the users after being taken out by them from the collection. 
• Law of impartiality-
  • The law directs that between two or more claimants (e.g, for the first position among two facets of a subject or the choice to be made among the needs of different categories of users) preference should be made only on sufficient grounds, and not arbitrarily.
  • Example: The law of impartiality insists that the sequence of facets in different subjects should not be determined in an arbitrary manner in each subject. The sequence should be based on some guiding principles of a general nature, equally applicable to all subjects. That is why Ranganathan has suggested the application of wall-picture principles for facet sequence.
• Law of interpretation-
  • ​Ranganathan refers to 1008 principles of interpretation, listed in the Nyaya-Kosa. These principles are applicable in interpreting legal texts. The canons, principles, postulates, and rules of classification taken together can be considered legal documents. Therefore, we should interpret various sections just like legal text. In case of a conflict, the conflict should be resolved with the aid of the laws of interpretation. If necessary, the rules, principles, and canons should also be modified to solve the conflicts. It has been suggested by Ranganathan that colon classification should be scrutinized from the angle of these laws. This will help in determining many of its weaknesses. CC could be revised to overcome these weaknesses. Similarly, the laws of interpretation can be applied in the study of other schemes also.
• Law of symmetry-
  • The law prescribes that of two entities or situations which admit to being regarded as symmetrical counterparts of each other, if one entity or situation is given weight in any particular context, the other entity or situation should also be given a corresponding weight.
  • Example: In CC, Ranganathan allocated greater ordinal value to Roman caps than Indo-Arabic numerals. Later Roman small letters were used to represent posteriorizing common isolates. These were given lesser ordinal values than Indo-Arabic numerals, which led to the satisfaction of the law of symmetry.

The Correct answer is ISO 25964 is a standard for thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies.

Explanation

• ISO 25964 is the international standard focusing on thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies.
• It comprises two parts:
  • Part 1, which deals with thesauri for information retrieval, was published in August 2011, while
  • Part 2, focusing on interoperability with other vocabularies, was published in March 2013.
• The development of ISO 25964 followed the earlier standards ISO 2788 and ISO 5964, which were the first international standards for thesauri, originally published in 1974 and 1985, respectively.
• ISO 2788 focused on monolingual thesauri, while ISO 5964 addressed multilingual thesauri.
• These standards were adopted as national standards in various countries, including Canada, France, and the UK, where they were assigned alias numbers BS 5723 and BS 6723, respectively.
• ISO 25964 aims to guide the selection of terms used in indexing, tagging, and search queries to ensure consistency between indexers and searchers.
• Its primary objective, as stated in the introduction to the standard, is to facilitate the retrieval of relevant documents by ensuring that both indexers and searchers choose the same term for the same concept.

The Correct answer is ​Both (A) and (R) is true.
Explanation
Assertion (A): Results from popular web search engines are usually having high recall, but an indexing database can provide high precision.

• ​Assertion (A) is correct.
• Results from popular web search engines often prioritize high recall, aiming to retrieve a broad range of relevant information.
• However, this might include some irrelevant or less precise results.

Reason(R): Indexing databases use controlled vocabulary which is a carefully selected list of words and phrases that are used to tag units of information (document or work) so that they may be more easily retrieved.

• ​Reason (R) is also correct.
• Indexing databases, especially those using controlled vocabulary, can indeed provide high precision.
• Controlled vocabulary helps standardize the terms used for indexing, leading to more precise and consistent retrieval of relevant documents.

The correct answer is Minnie Earl Sears:

Explanation

• Sears List of Subject Headings (SLSH) was first designed in 1923 by Minnie Earl Sears and published as the first edition in 1923 the title List of Subject Headings for Small Libraries‘is based on the headings used by nine small libraries of the USA.
• Isabel Stevenson Monro edited the fourth (1939) and fifth (1944) editions with the inclusion of Dewey Decimal
  Classification numbers. The sixth (1950), seventh (1954), and eighth (1959) editions were prepared by Bertha M. Frick.
• The title was changed to Sears List of Subject Headings with the sixth edition.
• In Sears List of Subject Headings, there are four types of subject headings: topical headings, form headings, geographic headings, and proper names.​
• The 23rd edition is its latest edition.

Other Related Points

• Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a list of the headings for subject cataloging and indexing established at the Library of Congress which has been publishing since 1898.
• The 5th LCSH (1948) incorporated the ―refer from‖ references in the main list.
• There are four categories of subdivisions in the context of LCSH: Topical, Form, Chronological, and Geographical.
• The 34th edition of LCSH in 6 volumes published in 2012 is indispensable
• The latest edition of LCSH is its 44th edition published in 2022

The correct answer is Direct the user from one name heading or uniform title to another that is related to it;
Explanation

• See also" references in a library's catalog are supposed to provide the cross-references necessary to guide the user to the appropriate subject heading.
• These references guide users to the headings that are related either hierarchically or associatively and are used as entries in the catalog

Other Related Points

See (or USE) references: These references guide users from terms that are not used as headings to the authorized headings for the subject in question. `See' or `USE' references ensure that in spite of different names for (or different forms of the name of) a given subject a user shall still be able to locate materials on it.

General references: General references direct the user to a group or category of headings instead of individual headings. It is sometimes called a `blanket reference'. The provision of general references in the standard list of subject headings obviates the need to make long lists of specific references and thus ensures the economy of space.

The correct answer is 2015.

Explanation

• ePathshala is a digital platform developed collaboratively by CIET and NCERT, launched in November 2015 under the joint initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
• It serves as a comprehensive educational resource hub for teachers, students, parents, researchers, and educators.
• Accessible through the web and available on various app stores, including Google Play, App Store, and Windows, ePathshala provides content in English, Hindi, and Urdu languages.
• The platform offers a wide range of educational materials, including NCERT textbooks for classes 1-12, audio-visual resources curated by NCERT, periodicals, supplements, teacher training modules, and various print and non-print materials.
• Users have the option to download these resources for offline use, with no restrictions on downloads.
• The app also supports a flip book format, enhancing the user experience by providing a more realistic reading experience.

The Correct answer is 7%.
Explanation
The traditional allocation formula proposed by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, where 50% was designated for staff, 40% for books and reading materials, and 10% for miscellaneous items, has evolved based on recommendations from library experts and committees:

The Correct answer is Self-archiving in institutional or subject repositories.

ExplanationOpen Access Implementation Strategies: Open access (OA) can be achieved via two primary routes: the gold route and the green route.

• Gold Route:
  • The gold route involves publishing work in an open-access journal.
  • These journals may offer complete or partial open access and might charge a publishing fee, which can be covered by the author's employer or research funder.
  • Notable examples of open-access publishers include BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science (PLoS).
• Green Route:
  • The green route, or green open access, involves self-archiving.
  • Authors deposit their articles in institutional or subject repositories like arXiv.
  • Green open-access journals support immediate self-archiving by authors.
  • This can include preprints or peer-reviewed postprints, whether the author's revised final draft or the final publisher's version.
  • Authors can check their self-archiving rights on the SHERPA RoMEO website, which lists publisher copyright policies.

The Correct answer is India and Pakistan.

Explanation

• In Hindu philosophy, just as there are binary stars in the cosmos, there are also binary segments in the universe, each harboring independent yet closely linked subjects.
• These segments are analogous to pairs like science and technology, language and literature, and electricity and magnetism, where each segment contains concepts that, though distinct, are deeply interconnected.
• Binary subject system types:
  • Object-object subject system. e.g. Religion and philosophy
  • Object-action subject system. e.g. Classification of books
  • Object-space subject system. e.g. Geography of India
  • Object-time subject system. e.g. Medicine in 20th century
  • Action-action subject system. e.g. Classification and cataloguing
  • Action-space subject system. e.g. Explosions in the galaxies
  • Action-time subject system. e.g. Political movement in the 1970s
  • Space-space subject system. e.g. India and Pakistan
  • Space-time subject system. e.g. India after independence
  • Time-time subject system. e.g. Year 2006 and year 2007 – a comparison

The Correct answer is common auxiliaries of language.

Explanation

The Correct answer is the Enumerative System:

Explanation

• Enumerative System:
  • ​Enumerative Classification, by definition, involves the listing or counting of subjects.
  • This type of classification scheme essentially entails a single schedule that lists all possible subjects, including those from the past, present, and foreseeable future.
  • It means that the class numbers for different subjects are enumerated in the schedules.
  • There are no separate supplementary schedules of common isolates to construct a number.
  • A good example of this species of classification is the Library of Congress Classification (LC). It is a long schedule of 11300 pages in 45 volumes. There is no provision for the synthesis of numbers
  • Another member of this species is Rider's International Classification (RIC) (1961)​

Other Related Points

• ​Almost Faceted classification scheme;
  • ​The almost-faceted classification falls between the almost enumerative classification and the fully-faceted classification.
  • It consists of a comprehensive schedule that lists the most known subjects and those expected in the future, alongside a few schedules of common and special isolates.
  • Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
    • Almost Faceted = Almost Enumerative + A few schedules of special isolates.
  • In the brief line of evolution of library classification systems, the UDC (1895/1903) is the first almost-faceted classification and Bibliographic classification (BC,1944- 1953) by H E Bliss (1870-1955)
• Almost enumerative:
  • ​Almost-enumerative classification involves a comprehensive schedule that lists most subjects from the past, present, and foreseeable future, in addition to a few schedules of common isolates.
  • This can be represented as:
    • Almost Enumerative Classification = Purely Enumerative + A few schedules of common isolates.
  • An example of such a species of classification is Subject Classification (SC) (1906) by 7, D. Brown (1862-1914) of England
• Fully Faceted Classification
  • A faceted classification consists of schedules of basic classes; special isolates and common isolates only. In addition, there are some devices for sharpening existing isolates and/or constructing new isolates. Mathematically:
    Faceted classification = Almost faceted + more and more isolates.
  • There are two types: Rigidly-Faceted Classification and Freely Faceted Classification.
  • The first three editions of the Colon Classification (1933/1939/1950) are termed as rigidly faceted and From the 4th edition (1952) the CC appeared as a freely faceted system.
• Analytico-Synthetic Faceted Classification.
  • A freely faceted classification based on postulates and Classification principles for analysis and synthesis of the subjects, and where there is no rigid, predetermined facet formula for the compound subjects going with a basic subject
  • Ranganathan's Colon Classification, thus, is an excellent example of a Freely Faceted Analytico-Synthetic Classification guided by postulates and principles.

The correct answer is Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

ExplanationClassified Catalogue Code (CCC):

• The CCC is a significant cataloging system in library science.
• It was created by S.R. Ranganathan, a distinguished librarian and mathematician from India.
• The purpose of CCC is to systematically and efficiently organize library materials.
• It employs a faceted classification system, enabling the combination of various attributes of a subject.

Regulatory Principles and Canons:

• The CCC is founded on regulatory principles and canons.
• These principles and canons ensure consistency, accuracy, and comprehensiveness in cataloging.
• They provide guidelines for categorizing, describing, and arranging library materials.
• The application of these principles makes the CCC a robust and reliable method of cataloging.

Explanation

• Adobe Photoshop is an application software, not a system, network, or banking software.
• It was initially developed in 1987 by Thomas and John Knoll.
• Adobe Photoshop is widely used for image editing, graphic design, and digital art.
• It is a part of the Adobe Creative Cloud suite of applications.
• Photoshop supports layer-based editing, which allows for complex image manipulation.
• It is compatible with both Windows and macOS operating systems.
• Photoshop has become the industry standard for raster graphics editing.

Other Related Points

• System Software
  • System software refers to software designed to provide a platform for other software. Examples include operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux.
  • System software manages hardware components and provides basic functionalities to other software applications.
• Network Software
  • Network software is used to establish and manage network connections. Examples include network operating systems and firewall software.
  • This type of software facilitates communication and resource sharing between computers in a network.
• Banking Software
  • Banking software is specialized software used in the banking sector for managing transactions, accounts, and other banking services.
  • Examples include core banking systems and online banking platforms.

The Correct answer is ​Immanuel Kant.

Explanation

• The term category refers to a type or group of entities that share similarities.
• Philosophically, it denotes an attribute, property, or characteristic that can be associated with a thing.
• The concept of categories in epistemology dates back to Aristotle (384–322 BCE), who introduced it in his work The Categories.
• This foundational idea has influenced knowledge organization in various fields, including library science.
• Aristotle identified ten fundamental categories that encompass all possible subjects or predicates of propositions
• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) redefined categories as pure concepts of understanding, independent of experience.
• Kant’s categories describe the general characteristics of objects but have limited application in library classification, which focuses more on grouping subjects than forming statements.
• In the 20th century, J.O. Kaiser applied categories in alphabetical indexing for industrial firms.
• He distinguished between concretes (e.g., paint) and processes (e.g., spraying). Although limited in scope, this approach laid the foundation for further development in subject indexing.

The Correct answer is to Use the collaborator's name with a descriptive element indicating their role.

Explanation

• CCC Rule MD51 prescribes that „if the title page does not give the name of a personal author or the names of joint personal authors or indicate corporate authorship or give a pseudonym or pseudonyms in the author statement but contains the name of a collaborator, that name is to be used as heading and a descriptive element is to be added thereafter indicating the role of the person.
• Example:
  • QUILLER-COUCH (Arthur) (1863), Ed.
  • SAXENA (A K), Comp and Tr.
  • SHARMA (B N), Comp.
• CCC Rule MD52 is for many kinds of collaborators and prescribes that „if the title page gives the name of each of two or more of the kinds of collaborators enumerated in the … the name belonging to one and only one kind is to be chosen as heading. The name of the one making a more important contribution than the others is to be chosed.

The Correct answer is the Thesaurus of English Word and Phrases.

Explanation

• The term "thesaurus" originates from Greek and Latin words meaning "a treasury," and it has historically referred to a lexicon or repository of words.
• Modern usage of the term can be traced back to 1852 with the publication of Peter Mark Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, which focused on linguistic classification of ideas.
• In the context of information retrieval (IR), a thesaurus serves as a valuable tool for vocabulary control, indexing, and searching within specific subject areas.
• The transition of the thesaurus from linguistics to IR is marked by key milestones:
  • 1736: The term "thesaurus" first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), derived from the Greek word "thesauros," meaning "treasury or storehouse of knowledge."
  • 1852: Peter Mark Roget published his Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, which classified ideas linguistically.
  • 1957: Miss Helen Brownson introduced the concept of thesaurus in the context of IR during the Dorking Conference.
  • 1959: H.P. Luhn proposed the application of thesauri in IR.
  • 1969: The first thesaurus used in an IR system was developed by Du Pont in the USA.
• The definition of a thesaurus varies, ranging from modest definitions focusing on word relations to more comprehensive ones specifying the types of relations involved.
• The definition provided by the World Science Information System of UNESCO (UNISIST) offers a comprehensive understanding:
  • "In terms of function, a thesaurus is a terminological control device used to translate from natural language into a more constrained 'system language' (documentation language, information language)."

The Correct answer is IFLA.

Explanation

• Internet Governance Guide for Libraries:
  • ​Internet governance involves the intricate framework encompassing the regulations, norms, and standards dictating the functioning of the internet, ranging from its physical infrastructure to the data and programs transmitted across it.
  • As libraries increasingly rely on the internet for their operations, they emerge as crucial stakeholders in the realm of internet governance.
  • Internet Governance Guide for Libraries is the publication of IFLA.

Other Related Points

• IFLA;
  • IFLA was founded in 1927 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • IFLA Introduces the concept of Sister Libraries for promoting Public Libraries.
  • The goal of promote international contact among library associations and librarians.
  • It is presently one of the leading international bodies representing the interest of library and information services and their users.
  • It is considered to be the global voice of the library and information profession.
  • In the year 1971, the IFLA set up a permanent secretariat in The Hague, Netherlands.
  • Publication Includes:
    • International Cataloguing Principles (ICP)
    • IFLA Journal
    • Global Vision Report and Global Vision Report Summary
    • Libraries and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Storytelling Manual etc
• ALA-
  • It stands for American Library Association.
  • It is a non-profit organization based in the United States.
  • Its objective is to promote library services and librarianship in the United States.
  • It is the oldest and largest library association in the world.
  • It was founded in 1876.
  • It is headquartered in Chicago, United States.
  • ALA Publications-
    • Its publication program is large and impressive.
    • It is directly responsible for the following serials/publications:
      • ALA Handbook of Organisations and Membership Directory (annual)
      • American Library Magazine
      • ALA Yearbook American Libraries (Previously ALA BulletinBooklist)
      • Choice (11 issues) Library Technology Project (LTP) Reports (6 issues).
      • ALA has instituted several awards in the name of some eminent library scientists to encourage and recognize working professionals for outstanding performance and excellence in certain fields.
• UNESCO-​
  • UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • It is a specialized agency of the UN aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation.
  • It was founded in 1945 and has 193 country members presently and is headquartered in Paris, France.​
• Major ​Publications of UNESCO-​
  • ​Copyright Bulletin (Quarterly)
  • Impact of science on society (Quarterly)
  • UNESCO courier (Monthly)
  • UNESCO journal of information science librarianship and archives administration (Quarterly) [Formerly UNESCO Bulletin for libraries ]
  • UNISIST newsletter (Quarterly)
  • World Guide to Library Schools and Training Courses in Documentation 1981
  • UNESCO chronicle (Monthly) ​
• OCLC-
  • It stands for "Online Computer Library Center".
  • It is an American non-profit cooperative organization founded in 1967 as the "Ohio College Library Center".
  • It provides shared technology services, original research, and community programs for its membership and the library community at large.
  • The OCLC cataloging and resource-sharing system is the largest and most heavily used computer library system in the world.
  • The OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the Online Union Catalogue of Books available in the libraries of member institutions.
  • Publications
    • Building Research Data Management Capacity: Case Studies in Strategic Library Collaboration
    • Redefining the library experience: Findings from the 2023 OCLC Global Council Survey
    • EAD Analysis: Findings from the Building a National Archival Finding Aid Network Project

The correct answer is a - ii, b - iii, c - iv, d - i.

Explanation

• Biblioclasm refers to the destruction of books.
• Bibliogony describes the art of producing and publishing books.
• Bibliophilia denotes a love of books.
• Bibliocleptomania refers to a compulsion to steal books.

Other Related Points

• Biblioclasm
  • Historical examples include the burning of the Library of Alexandria and the Nazi book burnings.
  • Modern instances can also be found in cases of censorship and suppression of information.
• Bibliogony
  • Covers various aspects like writing, editing, printing, binding, and distribution of books.
  • The term is less commonly used but is essential in the context of the publishing industry.
• Bibliophilia
  • Famous bibliophiles include Thomas Jefferson and J. P. Morgan.
  • Bibliophiles often have extensive personal libraries and may participate in literary societies.
• Bibliocleptomania
  • It is a psychological condition where individuals feel an uncontrollable urge to steal books.
  • Notable cases include the story of Stephen Blumberg, who stole over 23,000 rare books.

The Correct answer is 8.

Explanation

• ISSN:​
  • It stands for International Standard Serial Number.
  • It is an 8-digit serial number.
  • It was first published by ISO in 1976.
  • It is a unique serial number given to periodicals such as newspapers, and magazines to identify them.
  • NISCAIR is the national center of ISSN for assigning ISSN to serials published in India.
  • An ISSN is an eight-digit code separated by a hyphen into two sets of four digits.
  • The last digit, ranging from zero to nine or represented by an X, serves as a check digit, uniquely identifying the ISSN by its first seven digits.

The Correct answer is A, B, C, and D.

Explanation

Chain Indexing:

• Chain indexing is a cost-effective method of facilitating access to terms without duplicating the hierarchical arrangement of the classification within the alphabetical index.
• Ranganathan initially introduced the concept of chain indexing in his 1938 book, "Theory of Library Catalogue."
• Chain indexing was used in the British National Bibliography (BNB) in the 1950s and 1960s until it was replaced by PRECIS-indexing.
• According to Bhattacharya, there are eleven steps involved in the Chain Procedure:
  • Determination of the specific subject of the document.
  • Expressive name of the subject
  • Kernel terms
  • Analysed the name of subject
  • Transformed name of subject
  • Standard terms
  • Determination of links and construction of chain.
  • Determination of different kinds of links
  • Derivation of subject headings
  • Preparation of cross-reference entries
  • Arrangement.

PRECIS (Preserved Context Index System):

• It stands for "PREserved Context Index System (PRECIS)" brought out in the early 1968s.
• PRECIS is a system of subject indexing in which the initial string of terms is computer-manipulated in such a way that each sought term in the string functions as the approach term while preserving the full context of the document.
• It was developed by Derek Austin and applied to the British National Bibliography (BNB) in 1971 as an alternative to the chain procedure for deriving subject index entries.
• PRECIS developed its code for the preparation of input strings by the human indexer and its subsequent processing by computer.
• Two principles are followed in PRECIS:
  • Principle of Context Dependency:
    • ​The “context-dependency” principle may be seen as a combination of context and dependency.
    • When this principle is followed in a PRECIS input string, each term is qualified and sets the next term into its wider context.
    • In other words, the meaning of each term in the string depends upon the meaning of its preceding term and taken together, they all represent a single context.
    • Each term is hence dependent, directly or indirectly, on all the terms which precede it.
  • Principle of One-to-One Relationship:
    • ​When the terms are organized according to the principle of context-dependency, they form a one-to-one related sequence— each of the terms in the string is directly related to its next term
• Role Operator:
  • ​Role operators consist of a set of alpha-numeric notations that specify the grammatical role or the function of the indexed term and regulate the order of terms in the input string.
  • Role operators and their associated rules also serve as the computer instruction for determining the format, typography, and punctuation associated with each index entry.
  • There are two kinds of role operators: Primary operators and secondary operators.

Uniterm indexing:

• Uniterm indexing, introduced by Mortimer Taube in 1951, is a subject indexing system that facilitates quick lookups on topic keywords and allows cross-referencing across various topics to locate documents that correspond to all of the terms.
• Although Taube initially referred to the concept as "Coordinate Indexing," it is now commonly known as Uniterm.
• The output of a uniterm search is a collection of accession numbers that can be utilized to retrieve the relevant documents.

The Correct answer is Semantic Search.

Explanation

• Semantic search is a technique that focuses on understanding the context and intent behind a user's search query rather than just matching keywords.
• It aims to provide more relevant results by considering factors like word relationships, the searcher's location, previous searches, and query context.
• Semantic search engines use natural language processing (NLP), knowledge representation, and machine learning to interpret queries and content. Here's how it works:
  • Query Analysis: Identifies keywords, phrases, and entities while interpreting the search intent and their relationships.
  • Knowledge Graph Integration: Leverages knowledge graphs to understand entities and their connections, providing contextual relevance.
  • Content Analysis: Examines web page content, considering overall topics, sentiment, and entities, rather than relying solely on keyword matches.
  • Result Retrieval: Returns and displays web pages based on their semantic similarity and relevance to the search query.

Other Related Points

• Federated Search:
  • Searches multiple databases or sources simultaneously and combines the results into a single list.
  • Example Use Cases: Library databases aggregating results from various catalogs.
• Scientific Search:
  • A specialized search focused on finding scientific data, articles, and research papers.
  • Example Use Cases: PubMed, IEEE Xplore.
• Meta Search:
  • Combines results from multiple search engines into a single interface.
  • Example Use Cases: DuckDuckGo, Dogpile.

The Correct answer is ​A, B, and D.

Explanation

Principles of Subject Headings:

• The principles governing subject headings, initially formulated by Charles Ammi Cutter in 1876, continue to influence subject cataloging practices today.
• These principles serve two key objectives outlined by Cutter: aiding users in locating specific items and facilitating the grouping of materials on the same subject.

​Specific and Direct Entry:

• Documents should be indexed under the most precise subject heading that accurately reflects their content.
• For instance, a book about penguins should be indexed directly under "Penguins" rather than broader headings like "Birds" or "Water Birds."
• If a specific subject heading is unavailable, a broader term may be used, ensuring it is the most specific authorized heading covering the work's content.

Common Usage:

• Subject headings should employ terms in common usage, following prevalent spelling and terminology conventions.
• This ensures consistency and clarity for users.
• While popular terms are suitable for general libraries, specialized libraries may opt for scientific or technical terms to align with their collections and user needs.

Uniformity:

• Uniform headings must be chosen from synonymous terms, avoiding ambiguity and ensuring consistency across documents.
• Variant spellings or forms of headings should be standardized, and terms with multiple meanings should be qualified for clarity.
• For example, "Crane (Bird)" versus "Crane (Lifting equipment)."

Consistent and Current Terminology:

• Subject headings should maintain consistency and reflect current usage.
• This includes selecting the most common term among synonyms and updating terminology as language evolves.
• A subject authority file helps manage changes in headings and ensures continuity in indexing practices.

Form Headings:

• In addition to topical subject headings, form headings represent literary or artistic forms of materials (e.g., Essays, Poetry, Fiction).
• Libraries may assign appropriate form headings to individual works or collections, aiding users in locating specific types of materials.

Cross-References:

• Cross-references guide users to authorized headings and related topics, enhancing search capabilities.
• "See" or "USE" references direct users from alternative terms to authorized headings, ensuring accessibility.
• "See also" references link related headings hierarchically or associatively, facilitating comprehensive searches.
• General references provide broader guidance to categories of headings, promoting efficiency in cataloging.

The Correct answer is A, B, and C.

Explanation

• Digital rights management (DRM) is a strategy used to safeguard copyrights for digital content.
• It employs various technologies to restrict the copying and utilization of copyrighted materials and proprietary software.
• Essentially, DRM empowers publishers and authors to manage the actions that paying users can perform with their content.
• For organizations, the adoption of DRM measures serves to prevent unauthorized access or utilization of specific assets, thus mitigating potential legal ramifications.
• Presently, DRM is assuming an increasingly critical role in data security efforts.

The DRM framework can be divided into three main areas:

• IP Asset Creation and Capture: Manages the creation and rights assertion of content by various creators/providers to facilitate trading.
• IP Asset Management: Handles the acceptance and management of content from creators, including descriptive and rights metadata for trading systems.
• IP Asset Usage: Manages the use of traded content, supporting constraints in specific systems/software.