Kerala SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 5 (Geography) - KTET MCQ

The correct answer is Sikkim.

Key Points

• As per the 2011 Indian Census, the state with the lowest recorded population was Sikkim.
• Sikkim, located in the northeastern part of India, has a population of approximately 6,07,688, which is the smallest among the Indian states.
• The lowest population in Sikkim is due to its geographical location and terrain. The landlocked state has a rough mountainous terrain which is not conducive to high population density.
• In comparison, even though Goa is the smallest state in terms of area, it has a significantly higher population than Sikkim.
• Himachal Pradesh and Haryana, although smaller in population compared to many other states, still have populations higher than both Sikkim and Goa.

Additional Information

• Census in India:
  • It was done for the first time in 1872 under the British Viceroy Lord Mayo.
  • After that, it is conducted at intervals every 10 years.
  • However, the first complete census of India was conducted in 1881.
  • Since 1949, it is conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
  • All censuses after 1951 were conducted under the 1948 Census Act.
  • As of 2011, the Census of India has been conducted 15 times.​

Important Points

• According to the State Census 2011,
  • The most populated state in India is Uttar Pradesh with a population of 19.96 crores.
  • The least populated state in the country is Sikkim with a population of 6,07,688.
  • Mizoram is the second least populous state in India with around 10,91,014 population.
  • Arunachal Pradesh is the third least populous state.

The computation of composite index is a composite phenomenon like development, vulnerabilities, exclusion etc. Composite indicators also compare country performances which are increasingly being recognized as useful in policy analysis and public communication. It is easy to interpret and can summarize multi-dimensional realities with a view to support decision making.

New Delhi which is Indian capital is a territory inside Delhi. It is a part of big territory i.e. Delhi.

Paper and Paper Board is a forest-based industry. In 1832 the first modern paper mill of the country was set up at Serampore in West Bengal.

Key Points

Village industry has been defined as any industry located in a rural area that produces any goods, renders any service with or without the use of power, and in which the fixed capital investment per head or artisan or worker does not exceed Rs. 50,000.

The Village and Small Industries Sector comprises of five Sub-Sectors viz.,

1. Small Scale Industries (under the control of the Director of Industries and Commerce),
2. Handlooms and Textiles,
3. Khadi and Village Industries,
4. Handicrafts Development and
5. Sericulture

Since Any industry located in a rural area that produces any goods renders any service with or without the use of power is known as Village industry. Therefore Option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Only (A) and (B) are true.

Key Points: PointsThe question is about insolation, which is the incoming solar energy the Earth intercepts.

• Option 1 is the correct answer, as statements (A) and (B) are true.
• Statement (A) is true as insolation is the incoming solar energy the earth intercepts.
• Statement (B) is also true as the amount and intensity of insolation vary during a day, in a second, and in a year.
• These variations are due to factors such as the sun's angle, the atmosphere's thickness, and the earth's rotation and revolution.
• Option 2 is incorrect as statement (A) is true, but statement (C) is false.
• The amount of insolation actually decreases from the equator towards the poles.
• Option 3 is incorrect as statement (B) is true, but statement (C) is false.
• Option 4 is incorrect as all three statements are true, not false.

Additional Information

• Insolation is an important factor that affects climate, weather, and ecosystems.
• The variations in insolation can cause differences in temperature, pressure, wind, and precipitation patterns.
• The equator receives more insolation than the poles because the sun's rays are more direct and spread over a smaller area.
• The tilt of the earth's axis also affects the amount and distribution of insolation, leading to the seasons.

Correct Answer: Lucien Febvre.

Key Points

• In the twentieth century, possibilism got Stronghold after the publication of Blache’s article in 1913 where he categorically states that geography as a discipline seeks to measure and role of man in modifying the earth’s surface.
• This was further strengthened when his book was published in 1921 (English translation in 1926), though posthumously.
• He observes that nature gives man materials that have their inherent needs as well as limitations thus leading them to limited uses.
• Possibilism was further flourished by acclaimed historian Lucien Febvre(1878-1956).
• He puts forward “Whatever the men do in their own environment, they cannot completely rid of themselves completely”.
• Febvre emphasized human initiative and motivation against the environment, destroying the environmental deterministic reasoning and as part of the environment of any group, as well as other humans, because they belong to the next group's cultural surroundings or the constraints of the environment are influenced by such thinking,
• He stated that in the view of possibilists, a homogeneous region does not necessarily result in a homogeneous society.
• This is because people residing in any area have the choice of possibilities from time to time and also in the quantity they want.

Additional Information

• The movement from a state of necessity to a state of freedom creates possibilities with resources obtained from the environment.
• For example, Nature provides opportunities and human beings make use of these opportunities by creating their imprints everywhere. Concept: Nature of Human Geography.
• The term Possibilism means that the environment only limits the number of choices that a person has.
• At its heart, possibilism follows the notion that humans have commanding power over their environment, albeit within certain limits.

The ionized electrons behave as free particles. The Sun's upper atmosphere, the corona, is very hot and produces a constant stream of plasma and UV and X-rays that flow out from the Sun and affect, or ionize, the Earth's ionosphere. Only half the Earth's ionosphere is being ionized by the Sun at any time

Carbon dioxide contributes in trapping the heat radiated from the earth. It is known called green house effect.

Key Points Green house effect: 

• A greenhouse stays warm inside, even during the winter. In the daytime, sunlight shines into the greenhouse and warms the plants and air inside.
• At nighttime, it's colder outside, but the greenhouse stays pretty warm inside.
• That's because the glass walls of the greenhouse trap the Sun's heat.
• The greenhouse effect works much the same way on Earth.
• Gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat similar to the glass roof of a greenhouse.
• These heat-trapping gases are called greenhouse gases.
• Human activities are changing Earth's natural greenhouse effect.
• Burning fossil fuels like coal and oil puts more carbon dioxide into our atmosphere.

Some of the infrared radiation from the Sun passes through the atmosphere, but most is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules and clouds. The effect of this is to warm the Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere.

The correct answer is Jawaharlal Nehru Port.

Key Points

• Jawaharlal Nehru Port:
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Port was developed as a satellite port of Mumbai Port.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva was developed as a satellite port to relieve the pressure at the Mumbai port.
  • It is the largest container port in India.
  • It is located in Mumbai, in the state of Maharashtra.
  • JNPT handles the majority of India's containerized trade and is the focal point of long-haul calls to and from the emerging market economy.

Additional Information

• Marmagao Port: Marmagao Port, situated at the entrance of the Zuari estuary, is a natural harbour in Goa.
• Kandla Port: situated at the head of the Gulf of Kuchchh has been developed as a major port to cater to the needs of western and northwestern parts of the country and also to reduce the pressure at Mumbai port.
• New Mangalore Port: It is located in the state of Karnataka and caters to the needs of the export of iron-ore and iron concentrates.

Rural Urban Composition

Source - NCERT

• The rural and urban differences in sex ratio in Canada and West European countries like Finland are just the opposite of those in African and Asian countries like Zimbabwe and Nepal respectively. 
• In Western countries, males outnumber females in rural areas and females outnumber the males in urban areas. 
• In countries like Nepal, Pakistan and India the case is reversed. 
• The excess of females in urban areas of U.S.A., Canada and Europe is the result of influx of females from rural areas to avail of the vast job opportunities. 
• Farming in these developed countries is also highly mechanised and remains largely a male occupation. 
• By contrast the sex ratio in Asian urban areas remains male dominated due to the predominance of male migration. 
• Also, in countries like India, female participation in farming activity in rural areas is fairly high. 

Shortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job opportunities and lack of security in cities, discourage women from migrating from rural to urban areas.

Richard Hartshorne was two persistent in noting a distinction within the fields between what he termed “systematic geography” and “regional geography”. Regional geography of Hartshorne is the study of all the feature of a given region, any two-dimensional area of interest.

Thus, the Correct answer is A.

The correct answer is 'Nathu La pass'.

The heights of given passes is as follows-

• Nathu La Pass - 4310 m
• Rohtang Pass - 3978 m
• Zoji La Pass - 3528 m
• Khyber Pass - 1070 m

Important Points

Some important passes of India are as follows-

•  Nathu La Pass - connects Sikkim to China
• Shipki La Pass - connects Himachal and Tibet
• Jelep La Pass- connects Sikkim to Lhasa
• Khardung La Pass- connects Leh and Siachen Glacier
• Aghil Pass - connects Ladhak with Xinjiang province of China
• Lanak La- connects Ladhak and Lhasa

The correct answer is '1,500 km'.

Key PointsSiberian Shelf

• The Siberian Shelf is a coastal shelf in the Arctic Ocean and is the largest continental shelf of the Earth, a part of the continental shelf of Russia.
• It extends from the continent of Eurasia in the general area of North Siberia (hence the name) into the Arctic Ocean.
• It stretches 1,500 kilometres (930 miles) offshore.
• It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of 100 m.
• A number of islands are within the shelf, including Wrangel Island, Novaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands.
• It is encompassed by the Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and the East Siberian Sea, and respectively subdivided into the Kara Shelf, the Laptev Shelf and the East Siberian Shelf.
• Eastwards it merges into the Chukchi Shelf (of the Chukchi Sea) shared by Eurasia and North America (i.e., by Russia and the United States).
• Westwards it merges into the Barents Shelf of the Barents Sea.
• According to the split of the high Arctic by the Lomonosov mid-ocean ridge into the Eurasian Basin and Amerasian Basin, the Siberian Shelf is split between the Eurasian Shelf and the Amerasian Shelf.

Thus, the correct answer is 1,500 km.

Additional InformationContinental Shelf

• A continental shelf is a shelf of the earth underwater in an ocean or ocean, which is a part of a continent's elevation below sea level.
• The depth of the water on the continental shelf decreases and from the end of the shelf, the depth starts increasing on the continental slope. This place is called the shelf break. Beyond this comes a zone of continental rise that transforms into an abyssal plain on the deep ocean floor.
• During the ice ages, when some of the seawater accumulated in ice, the sea level fell and a large part of the continental shelf rose above the water and becomes the earth.
• Continental Shelf depths are approximately the same throughout the world and are found at 140 m (460 ft).
• This is an astonishing phenomenon, and geologists speculate that it may have been the surface of oceans around the world during the Ice Age.

Correct Answer: J. Grinnell.

Key Points

• The ecological niche of a species has been defined by the resources it requires and by its role or function in the environment. The concept of the ecological niche when introduced by Grinnell (1917) focused on the habitat requirements of a species for it to survive and reproduce.
• The concept of the ecological niche was first introduced by Joseph Grinnell in 1917. focused on the environmental factors that determined where a species could survive rather than interactions between species. Around the same time, an English ecologist named Charles Elton was developing his own ideas about niches. In his definition, a species’ niche was determined by its interactions with other species—namely its relationships with food and predators
• A plant's or animal's niche, or more correctly, ecological niche, is a way of life that is unique to that species. Niche and habitat are not the same. While many species may share a habit, this is not true for a niche. Each plant and animal species is a member of a community. The niche describes the species' role or function within this community.
• Almost 40 years later, in the late 1950s, English ecologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson blended these two versions into a broader definition. This definition considers all abiotic and biotic factors that influence a species in a quantifiable way. This definition is still used by scientists today. It is important to keep learning about species’ niches today because it can help us understand how organisms will respond to environmental changes caused by humans.

Additional Information

• In ecology, a niche is a term with a variety of meanings related to the behavior of a species living under specific environmental conditions. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors. The ecological niche concept expresses the relationship of an individual or a population to all aspects of its environment. Studies on the relationship between the human population and environmental resources have employed a niche concept. The ecological niche comprehends all conditions necessary for an organism to exist.
• In ecology, the term “niche” describes the role an organism plays in a community. A species’ niche encompasses both the physical and environmental conditions it requires (like temperature or terrain) and the interactions it has with other species (like predation or competition).
• For example, the rare Kirtland’s warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a small songbird of North America, has a very limited niche. It nests only among young jack pine trees (Pinus banksiana), which require periodic wildfires for their seeds to germinate. In this environment, one of the species interactions it must contend with is nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Cowbirds lay their eggs in nests built by other bird species and these host birds then incubate and raise the cowbird’s young, often at the expense of their own babies.

The winds that blow from the sea contain more moisture. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depending on the temperature difference between the land and the ocean. At night, the roles reverse. The air over the ocean is now warmer than the air over the land.

The correct answer is A and C only.

Key Points

• Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable and directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind and water density.
• Ocean currents can be classified as:
  • Warm currents
  • Cold currents
• Cold currents are ocean currents that move from polar regions towards the Equator and are cooler than the surrounding water.
• A few cold currents are:
  • Peruvian current
  • Californial current
  • Labrador Current
  • Canary current
  • South Indian Ocean current

Thus, we can say that Peruvian and California currents are cold ocean currents.

Additional Information

• El Nino and Norwegian currents are warm water currents.

The correct answer is option 2 Saddle.

Key Points

• The highest peak of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Saddle.
• The saddle has an elevation of approximately 732 meters (2,402 feet) above sea level.
• Located on North Andaman Island, Saddle is the highest point in the entire archipelago.
• It is a part of the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, which is known for its rich biodiversity.
• The saddle offers stunning views of the surrounding landscapes and is a popular destination for trekkers and nature enthusiasts.

Additional Information

• Deomali: Deomali is the highest peak in the Indian state of Odisha, not in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Phawngpui: Phawngpui, also known as Blue Mountain, is the highest peak in the state of Mizoram, not in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The convergence of air towards the centre accompanied by lift of air and adiabatic cooling which produces cloudiness and precipitation in cyclone and on the other hand much fair and sunny weather is associated with travelling anticyclones in which the air tends to subside and spread outward, causing adiabatic warning, a progress that is unfavourable to the development of clouds and precipitation.

Thus, the Correct answer is A .

The correct answer is ENSO

Key Points

• The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific oceans.
• The Southern Oscillation is a change in air pressure over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
• When coastal waters become warmer in the eastern tropical Pacific (El Niño), the atmospheric pressure above the ocean decreases.
• El Niño and La Niña are the extreme phases of the ENSO cycle; between these two phases is a third phase called ENSO-neutral.

The correct answer is Corbett.

• According to ‘Population estimation of tigers in reserves for 2018-19’ Corbett is India's largest tiger reserve.​

Key Points

• Jim Corbett National Park is located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand State.
  • It was the first Indian National Park(Hailey National Park renamed as Corbett National park) that was established in 1936.
  • The park was first to come under the Project Tiger initiative.

Additional Information

 Nearly 40% of country’s leather production is concentrated in the state of Tamil Nadu, making it the highest leather producing state in India. In state of Tamil Nadu the major leather production centers are Vellore, Chennai, Ambur, Trichy, Vaniyambadi and Erode.

The correct answer is 1.2%.

• Between 2010 and 2019, India's population grew at an average annual rate of 1.2%.

Key Points

• The United Nations Population Fund released the State of World Population 2019 report.
• India’s population grew at an average annual rate of 1.2 per cent between 2010 and 2019 to 1.36 billion.
• It was more than double the annual growth rate of China.
• India also recorded an improvement in life expectancy at birth.
  • The life expectancy at birth in 1969 was 47 years and in 2019, it is 69 years.
•  According to the report, in India, the total fertility rate per woman was 5.6 in 1969, dropping to 3.7 in 1994 and 2.3 in 2019.
• The UNFPA report highlights that untold millions have enjoyed healthier and more productive lives in the 50 years since the agency was founded.

Answer 4) The movement of tectonic plates

Key Point

​Explanation of all the options:

• (A) The decay of radioactive elements in the Earth's crust:

Radioactive elements in the Earth's crust decay over time, releasing heat. This heat causes the crust to expand, which can lead to the formation of mountains.

• (B) The release of heat from radioactive decay:

The heat released from radioactive decay can cause the crust to expand, which can lead to the formation of mountains.

• (C) The expansion of the Earth's crust:

The expansion of the Earth's crust can lead to the formation of mountains. This expansion can be caused by a number of factors, including the decay of radioactive elements and the movement of tectonic plates.

• (D)The movement of tectonic plates:

The movement of tectonic plates is not a factor that contributes to the formation of mountains according to the Radioactive Theory of Mountain Building. However, the movement of tectonic plates is the main factor that contributes to the formation of mountains according to the Plate Tectonics Theory.

Additional Information

•  The Radioactive Theory of Mountain Building was proposed by John Joly in 1925.
• This theory states that the decay of radioactive elements in the Earth's crust releases heat, which causes the crust to expand. This expansion leads to the formation of mountains.
• According to the Radioactive Theory of Mountain Building, the decay of radioactive elements in the Earth's crust, the release of heat from radioactive decay, and the expansion of the Earth's crust are all factors that can contribute to the formation of mountains.

Hence, the correct option will be 4) The movement of tectonic plates.

Answer: Option 3) In the interior of continents

Key Points

• The oldest rocks tend to be found In the interior of continents.
• This is because the interiors of continents are generally more stable and have been less affected by tectonic activity than the margins of continents or the ocean basins.
• The Earth's crust is divided into two main types: continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust. It is also older, with some continental rocks dating back more than 4 billion years.
• Oceanic crust, on the other hand, is younger, with most of it being less than 200 million years old.
• The oldest rocks on Earth are found in the interiors of continents because these areas have been relatively stable and have not been subjected to the same amount of tectonic activity as the margins of continents or the ocean basins.
• The margins of continents and the ocean basins are more likely to experience earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geological events that can destroy or recycle rocks.

Additional Information

• On the margins of ocean basins:

The margins of ocean basins are more likely to experience tectonic activity, which can destroy or recycle rocks.

• In the interiors of ocean basins: 

The interiors of ocean basins are vast submarine regions that collectively cover nearly three-quarters of Earth's surface. The interiors of ocean basins are not typically associated with the oldest rocks as there a regular formation of new crust due to the convectional currents rising beneath the earth. 

• Along the margins of continents:

The margins of continents are more likely to experience tectonic activity, which can destroy or recycle rocks.

Therefore, the correct answer is "In the interiors of continents".

The zonal westerly winds are also called prevailing winds or anti-trade winds. They flow from west to east direction in 30-60 degrees latitude. The zonal westerly winds in the northern hemisphere cause the warm Gulf Stream to drift westwards, where it is called as North Atlantic Drift.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Answer: ​2) Growing affordability and accessibility of travel options.

In recent years, the demographics of global tourism have undergone significant shifts, with more diverse groups of people traveling than ever before. Various factors have contributed to this transformation, but one of the most impactful has been the growing affordability and accessibility of travel options. This trend has democratized travel, breaking down barriers that previously limited the ability of numerous populations to explore new destinations.

• The rise of budget airlines, the proliferation of online travel agencies, and the increasing availability of affordable accommodation options, such as hostels and vacation rentals, have made travel more accessible to a broader range of income levels.
• Additionally, the digital revolution has simplified the process of researching and booking travel, making it easier for individuals to customize their trips to fit their budgets and preferences.
• This democratization of travel has enabled a more diverse demographic, including younger travelers, families, and people from emerging economies, to participate in global tourism.

• While increased travel restrictions can influence patterns of tourism, they are more likely to deter or redirect travel rather than fundamentally shift demographics.
• Geopolitical tensions and associated travel restrictions tend to have a temporary and region-specific impact, rather than driving a broad and lasting change in tourist demographics.

• The popularity of all-inclusive resorts and traditional sight-seeing tours reflects the preferences of certain tourist segments but does not represent a primary driver of the shift in demographics.
• While these options remain attractive for travelers seeking convenience and predictability, they do not inherently diversify the tourist population or expand access to travel on a large scale.

• Contrary to a decline, there has been a growing interest in adventure travel and cultural immersion experiences among tourists seeking authentic and memorable experiences.
• This trend reflects a shift in consumer preferences toward more personalized and unique travel experiences but does not directly influence the broadening demographics of travelers.
• The increase in diverse travel experiences actually complements the democratization of travel, catering to the varied interests of the expanding tourist population.

• The growing affordability and accessibility of travel have profound implications for the tourism industry and destinations worldwide.
• It encourages not only a larger volume of travelers but also a richer diversity of tourist experiences, as destinations seek to cater to the varied interests and needs of a broader audience.
• This trend underscores the importance of sustainable and inclusive tourism practices to ensure that the benefits of increased travel are widely shared and that destinations can manage the environmental and social impacts of tourism.

• Monoclinal Folds are referred to those where the compressional forces act in such a way that one limb of the fold is totally vertical.
• Isoclinal folds, also known as Overfolds are formed when the compressional forces are so strong that both the sides of the fold are inclined in the same direction. The short and steep side also dips in the same direction as the flat or gradual sloping side but the sides of the fold are not horizontal
• Asymmetrical folds are formed when one limb of the fold is pushed too far so that one side of the fold is long and gradual in slope while the other is short and steep. This shows a unilateral element.
• Plunge folds are found when the axis of the fold, instead of being parallel to the horizontal plane becomes tilted and forms plunge angle, which is the angle between the axis and the horizontal plane.

A river follows a curved path. As a result, the speed of the river water slows down and the river does both the works of erosion and deposition. However, when the river starts to bend and swing in large curves, it does the erosional work on the concave bank of the river while deposition is done on the convex bank. This happens because the speed of the river water is more on the concave bank and less on the convex bank. This thing gradually increases and forms an S shape.

A large number of tributaries joining the main river are required for the formation of deltas as large amount of additional sediments are necessary. The more the number of steams, the more will the deposition of sediments which will consequently lead to delta formation.