Geography: CUET Mock Test - 3 - CUET MCQ

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

• The assertion is supported by the passage, which highlights the critical need for investment in urban infrastructure to support India's rapid urbanization.
• This is due to projected increases in urban population from 282 million to 590 million people over the next two decades.
• The reason further explains that the expansion and improvement of services like water supply, sanitation, urban transport, and urban drainage are essential to cater to the needs of the growing urban population, ensuring sustained growth and quality of living.
• This is validated by reports cited in the passage, including those by the High Powered Expert Committee and McKinsey, which project investment needs in urban infrastructure to the tune of US$ 870 billion and US$ 1.2 trillion, respectively.

Therefore, it shows how the need for infrastructure investment is directly related to the requirements of an expanding urban population.

The correct answer is: Option 2) From 282 million to 590 million people.

• The passage mentions that Indian towns and cities are projected to have an increase in population from 282 million to 590 million people over the next two decades.
• The significant increase in urban population is a key point of concern in the passage, as it highlights the challenges and transformations that this growth will bring, such as the need for housing, infrastructure, and services to accommodate and support the expanding urban population. 

The correct answer is: Option 1) 66.67%

• The passage mentions that Indian cities contribute to about 2/3 of the economic output, which is approximately 66.67%.

The correct answer is: Option 4) It has no relevance to urbanization.
The passage does not mention the International Date Line (IDL) in the context of urbanization, so it is not relevant to the topic of urbanization.

• The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the Earth's surface that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. It is not related to urbanization, as mentioned in the passage. The primary purpose of the IDL is to mark the place on the Earth's surface where the calendar day changes.
• When you cross the IDL from east to west, you "lose" a day, and when you cross it from west to east, you "gain" a day.
• This is because the Earth rotates 360 degrees in approximately 24 hours, so there needs to be a point where the calendar day changes to account for this rotation.

The correct answer is:Option 2) Meeting the housing and infrastructure needs of growing cities.
The passage highlights the challenge of providing housing and infrastructure to India's growing cities as a result of rapid urbanization. This is the primary challenge posed by the urban transformation discussed in the passage.

Spatial Interaction (A): Refers to the movement and connections (e.g., migration, trade, communication) between places, matching (ii).
Carrying Capacity (B): Defines the maximum population an environment can sustain based on available resources, aligning with (i).
Cultural Landscape (C): Represents the visible transformation of the natural environment by human activities (e.g., buildings, farms), fitting (iii).
Diffusion (D): Describes the spread of cultural traits, ideas, or innovations across space and time (e.g., spread of technology), corresponding to (iv).
​​​​​​​Thus, the correct match is (A)-ii, (B)-i, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option a) the correct answer.

Anthropology (A): Studies human cultures, societies, customs, and their evolution, aligning with (i).
Sociology (B): Focuses on social structures, interactions, and community dynamics, matching (ii).
History (C): Examines past human events, settlements, and civilizations, fitting (iii).
Economics (D): Analyzes production, trade, and economic systems, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

Malthusian Theory (A): Proposed by Thomas Malthus, it states that population grows exponentially (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8), while food production grows arithmetically (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4), leading to scarcity unless checked by war, famine, or disease. This matches (i).
Demographic Transition Model (B): This model outlines stages where population growth stabilizes as societies industrialize, with declining birth and death rates. This aligns with (ii).
Neo-Malthusian Theory (C): A modern adaptation of Malthus, it advocates population control measures (e.g., contraception) to prevent resource depletion, fitting (iii).
Optimum Population Theory (D): Suggests there’s an ideal population size that balances resources and human needs for sustainable living, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct match is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option a) the correct answer.

Physical Factors (A): Include climate, topography, soil fertility, and water availability, which determine where people settle (e.g., fertile plains vs. deserts). This matches (ii).
Economic Factors (B): Relate to job opportunities, industries, and services that attract populations (e.g., urban centers), aligning with (i).
Social Factors (C): Involve cultural preferences, religious sites, or social stability that influence settlement (e.g., pilgrimage centers), fitting (iii).
Political Factors (D): Include government policies, wars, or political stability that shape population patterns (e.g., migration due to conflict), corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-ii, (B)-i, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option a) the correct answer.

High Growth Rate (A): Seen in regions with high birth rates and improving death rates, such as Sub-Saharan African countries (e.g., Nigeria), matching (i).
Declining Growth Rate (B): Occurs in aging societies with low birth rates, like Japan and Germany, aligning with (ii).
Zero Population Growth (C): Happens when birth rates equal death rates, stabilizing population size (e.g., some European nations), fitting (iii).
Negative Growth Rate (D): Refers to population decline due to very low birth rates and higher death rates (e.g., Eastern Europe), corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct match is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

Dharavi has been compared to Victorian London’s East End.

This comparison highlights several key aspects:

• Living Conditions: Both areas are characterised by overcrowded living spaces, often with entire families sharing a single room.
• Temporary Structures: Dharavi features temporary buildings similar to those found in the East End, with limited infrastructure.
• Industrial Activity: Both regions are centres for production, with Dharavi known for creating valuable goods such as ceramics, leather, and garments.
• Social Issues: The comparison also reflects the socio-economic challenges faced by residents in both locations.

Answer: A
The passage states that Dharavi is part of central Mumbai where three-wheelers (auto rickshaws) are banned.

Though water pollutants are also created from natural sources (erosion, landslides, decay and decomposition of plants and animals, etc.) pollutants from human sources are the real causes of concern. Human beings pollute the water through industrial, agricultural and cultural activities.

India, which has a predominance of rural population had about 72 percent of the total population in 2001 in villages. Most of the rural areas are still performing primary activities.

Surface water available from rivers, canals, lakes, etc., is never pure. It contains small quantities of suspended particles, organic and inorganic substances.

Biotic components include living things like flora, fauna, human beings etc., whereas abiotic components include non living things like soil, water, air, land, etc.

• Zoji La is a high mountain pass located in the Indian union territory of Ladakh, connecting Srinagar (Kashmir) to Leh (Ladakh).

• Banihal Pass is in Jammu and Kashmir, connecting Jammu to the Kashmir Valley.

• Jelep La: This is a mountain pass between Sikkim, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

• Khardung La is in Ladakh, often considered one of the highest motorable passes in the world.

• Indian Railways earn the maximum revenue from freight.
• Indian Railways is one of the largest employers on earth.
• Indian Railways android app IRCTC won National Award for E-Governance for the year 2018 in special jury award.
• Indian railways have four UNESCO world heritage sites and they are Darjeeling Himalayan Railway enlisted in the year 1999, Mumbai CSMT Building enlisted in the year 2004, Nilgiri Mountain Railways enlisted in the year 2005 and Kalka-Shimla Railways enlisted in the year 2008.

Railways are indeed economical for bulky goods over long distances, while air transport is used for lighter, high-value goods due to its high cost.

The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest in the world, but it connects cities in Russia, not Canadian cities.

The correct answer is Fifth.

Key Points

• The Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) was launched during the Fifth Five-Year Plan period in India, which spanned from 1974 to 1979.
• It was initiated to ensure the ecological security of the hill areas and to improve the socio-economic condition of the people living in these regions.
• The programme aimed at sustainable development by focusing on areas like agriculture, horticulture, minor forest produce, and small-scale and cottage industries.
• Special attention was given to preserving the biodiversity and preventing the degradation of the hill environment.
• The HADP covered the hill areas of the North-Eastern region, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and some parts of the Himalayas, addressing the unique challenges faced by these regions.
• This programme is significant as it recognized the unique needs and challenges of hill areas, which differ markedly from those of the plains, and aimed to address these through targeted development initiatives.

Bhutan

Key Points

• Bhutan has officially proclaimed the Gross National Happiness Index as the measure of the country's progress.
• This holistic approach to development prioritizes the well-being and happiness of its citizens over purely economic indicators like GDP

Additional Information

• Nepal: While Nepal is known for its rich culture and history, it has not officially adopted the Gross National Happiness Index as a measure of its progress. Instead, Nepal follows more conventional measures such as GDP.
• Bangladesh: Bangladesh also measures its progress through traditional economic indicators like GDP and does not officially use the Gross National Happiness Index. -
• Sri Lanka: Similar to Nepal and Bangladesh, Sri Lanka does not use the Gross National Happiness Index. It also relies on standard economic metrics to gauge its development and progress.

The correct answer is Quinary activities.

Key Points

• Primary - Activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. eg.- agriculture, mining fishing, forestry
• Secondary - Industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector.
  • Also called the industrial sector.
  • People engaged are called blue-collar workers.
  • Eg. - Cotton mills, industrial production, etc.
• Quaternary Activities -
  • Specialized activities in the knowledge sector.
  • The intellectual aspect of the economy.
  • It enables entrepreneurs to innovate & improve the quality of services offered in the economy.
  • eg. - Elementary schools & university professors, doctor offices, accounting and brokerage firms, etc.
• Quinary Activities -
  • The sector of the economy where top-level decisions are made.
  • It includes a government that passes legislation.
  • Focus on operation, rearrangement & interpretation of new & existing ideas.
  • These are called gold collar professionals, officers, research scientists.

Additional Information

• There are 8 core industries in India that are used to calculate IIP - (Index of Industrial Production).
• 8 core industries products include - Electricity, Steel, Refinery products, Crude Oil, Coal, Cement, Natural Gas & Fertilisers.
• IIP is considered load indicators of monthly industrial performance.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key PointsEconomic Activity

• Economic activity is an activity of providing, making, buying, or selling of commodities or services by people to satisfy their day-to-day needs of life.
• Economic activities include any activity that deals with the manufacturing, distributing, or utilizing of products or services.
• Activities that involve money, or the exchange of products or services, are economic activities. The three types of economic activities are as follows:
• Business: – This economic activity provides goods and services to satisfy human needs on a daily basis with the aim of earning profits.
• Profession: – It can also be defined as an occupation or a professional job that offers specialized services in return for professional charges.
• Employment: – This activity is based on a contract between the company and the employee. Here, the employee performs duties for the company and is paid (with wages or a salary) in return.
• Human activities that generate income are known as economic activities. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Primary activities are directly dependent on the environment as these refer to utilizing earth's resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials, and minerals. It, thus includes hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.
• Therefore production, distribution and exchange of goods and services, economic motive, creation of utility, measurement by money, satisfaction of wants etc. are the main features of economic activities.
• They are broadly grouped in to primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.

2 and 3 only

Key Points

• Trade, transport, and communication facilities are grouped under the "exchange" part of the tertiary sector.
  • Explanation: The tertiary sector of the economy, also known as the service sector, includes activities that facilitate the exchange of goods and information between producers and consumers.
  • This statement is accurate because trade (buying, selling, and exchange of goods), transport (movement of goods and people), and communication (exchange of information) serve as the backbone for these exchanges.
  • These services are crucial for both the functioning of the economy and for making goods produced in the primary and secondary sectors available to consumers. Hence, they are rightly grouped under the "exchange" part of the tertiary sector.
• Tertiary activities are directly involved in the processing of physical raw materials.
  • Explanation: This statement is incorrect because it confuses the functions of the secondary sector with those of the tertiary sector.
  • The primary sector involves the extraction of raw materials, the secondary sector concerns the processing of these materials into goods (e.g., turning iron ore into steel or timber into furniture), and the tertiary sector involves providing services rather than dealing with raw materials or their processing.
  • Activities such as retail, education, health services, and financial services are examples of tertiary activities which do not involve direct processing of raw materials.
  • Thus, this statement inaccurately describes the function of the tertiary sector.
• Tertiary activities rely more on the production techniques, machinery, and factory processes.
  • Explanation: This statement is also incorrect and appears to describe the secondary sector more accurately.
  • The secondary sector is characterized by industrial activity that relies heavily on production techniques, machinery, and processes in factories to convert raw materials into finished products or semi-finished goods.
  • On the other hand, the tertiary sector is service-oriented. While it can involve technology and equipment (e.g., in IT services, telecommunications, or medical services), it is not primarily focused on manufacturing processes or the use of heavy machinery as implied by the statement.
  • The reliance is more on human capital, expertise, and technology aimed at providing services rather than physical manufacturing or processing.

In conclusion, the differences in these sectors are foundational to understanding how economies function and classify their activities, with the tertiary sector focusing on services rather than the physical processing of goods or the heavy reliance on industrial machinery, which is characteristic of the secondary sector.

The correct answer is Primary.

Key Points

• In India, the primary sector employs a disproportionately large number of people.
• In the primary sector, 50–60% of the workforce is employed. Additionally, this industry makes for one-fourth of the GDP.
• The primary sector is made up of all endeavours whose ultimate goal is the exploitation of natural resources, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.

Important Points

• Secondary Sector
  • The production of goods in the economy, including the processing of raw materials generated by the primary sector, is under the purview of the secondary sector.
• ​Tertiary Sector
  • The tertiary sector encompasses a wide range of activities, including commercial and personal services, education, health care, social work, transportation, financial and real estate activities, and administration.
• ​Quaternary sector
  • The economic activity connected to the intellectual or knowledge-based economies forms the foundation of the quaternary sector of the economy.