UGC NET Paper 2 Geography Mock Test - 5 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is Caribbean Plate.Key Points

• The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates including the North American, Caribbean, South American, Scotia, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arabian, African, Indian, Philippine, Australian, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, and Nazca
• The Caribbean Plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the north coast of South America. It is a minor plate.

Additional Information

• The names of the minor plates are the Scotia plate, the Nazca plate, the Cocos plate, the Caribbean plate, the Juan de Fuca, the Arabian plate, and lastly the Philippine plate.
• The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate that includes most of the continent of Eurasia, with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Chersky Range in eastern Siberia.
• The Antarctic Plate is a tectonic plate containing the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and some remote islands in the Southern Ocean and other surrounding oceans.
• The Indo-Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and the surrounding ocean and extends northwest to include the Indian subcontinent and the adjacent waters. It was formed by the fusion of the Indian and the Australian Plates approximately 43 million years ago.

Thus, Caribbean Plate is a minor plate of the lithosphere.

The correct answer is Only two.

Key Points

• A Tropical cyclone is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
• These cyclones are organized low-pressure systems of clouds and thunderstorms that form over tropical or subtropical waters.
• They rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
• They develop in the regions between both tropics.
• Features:-
  •  A tropical cyclone has an effect on a comparatively smaller area.
    • It forms only on seas with temperatures more than  27^oC and dissipates on reaching the land. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
    • Note:- Temperate cyclones can be formed on both land and sea.
  • Tropical cyclones can persist for many days and may follow quite erratic paths. 
  • Eye of cyclone develops. 
  • It causes heavy rainfall for a few hours but, if it stays at a place, rains may continue for a longer duration. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • It derives its energy from the latent heat of condensation.
  • The speed of this cyclone is almost 200 km or more.
• Conditions required for the formation of Tropical cyclone:​
  • ​Pre-existing low-pressure area.
  • Sufficient warm temperature at sea surface i.e: higher than 27^o C. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • Presence of Coriolis force.
  • Low vertical wind shear.
  • Atmospheric instability.

The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. There are 3 basic age structures:

1. Progressive (Brazilian) Type
2. Stationery (American) Type
3. Regressive (European) Type

Key-Points

Progressive (Brazilian) Type

• It has a wide base that quickly narrows upwards to a point.
• It indicates a large birth rate, but poor conditions mean people rapidly die-off
• Hence the triangular shape of the structure.
• The population is increasing
• Most of the developing countries in the world have a progressive population.

Stationery (American) Type

• The shape of this structure is more "square." All age groups are well represented.
• It indicates that the birth rate is moderate, and few people die off as they get older.
• The population is stagnant.

Regressive (European) Type

• The structure has a fairly wide top with a bulging middle and narrow base.
• The birth rate is low, hence the low base, and there are more adults than children.
• The population is decreasing.

Important Points

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

The correct answer is (A) is wrong, but (R) is correct.
Key PointsAssertion (A): Pragmatism is a modified form of functionalism

• Pragmatism and functionalism are two philosophies William James used to further his understanding of the world around him. James posited the pragmatic theory of truth and used.
• This philosophy to define and re-define ideas, filtering answers to his questions through this theory. Most of his findings, theories, and inquiries were viewed according to his pragmatic theory of truth.
• William James founded the school of functionalism. This school of thought in psychology was developed in direct response to the school of structuralism and the work of Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt criticized functionalism as nothing more than literature, and James criticized structuralism as “all school and no thought.”

Hence, Assertation is Incorrect

Reason (R): Applied geography recognizes geographical space as a combination of knowledge and error.

The elements of pragmatic geography can be identified as under: (i) Geographic space is a composite of knowledge and error. (ii) Geographic space is changeable as our knowledge of it changes and the scale of measurement becomes more refined.

Hence, The reason is correct

Sun-synchronous orbit

• Sun-synchronous orbits are designed to synchronize with the Sun's position in the sky, allowing the satellite to pass over any given point on the Earth's surface at the same local solar time during each orbit.
• This ensures consistent lighting conditions, making it ideal for monitoring and imaging purposes.
• The regularity of lighting is crucial for comparing images and data collected over time.

Additional Information

Near polar orbit 

• Near polar orbits are characterized by a satellite orbiting the Earth from pole to pole.
• These orbits are often used for Earth observation satellites because they provide global coverage.
• Near polar orbits are suitable for monitoring dynamic changes as they allow the satellite to observe different parts of the Earth's surface during each orbit.

Circular orbit

• A circular orbit is one in which the satellite travels in a path that is a perfect circle.
• While circular orbits have their uses, they might not be the most suitable for monitoring dynamic changes on the Earth's surface because they do not provide a consistent illumination angle and lighting conditions.

The correct answer is Sikkim.

Key Points

• As per the 2011 Indian Census, the state with the lowest recorded population was Sikkim.
• Sikkim, located in the northeastern part of India, has a population of approximately 6,07,688, which is the smallest among the Indian states.
• The lowest population in Sikkim is due to its geographical location and terrain. The landlocked state has a rough mountainous terrain which is not conducive to high population density.
• In comparison, even though Goa is the smallest state in terms of area, it has a significantly higher population than Sikkim.
• Himachal Pradesh and Haryana, although smaller in population compared to many other states, still have populations higher than both Sikkim and Goa.

Additional Information

• Census in India:
  • It was done for the first time in 1872 under the British Viceroy Lord Mayo.
  • After that, it is conducted at intervals every 10 years.
  • However, the first complete census of India was conducted in 1881.
  • Since 1949, it is conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
  • All censuses after 1951 were conducted under the 1948 Census Act.
  • As of 2011, the Census of India has been conducted 15 times.​

Important Points

• According to the State Census 2011,
  • The most populated state in India is Uttar Pradesh with a population of 19.96 crores.
  • The least populated state in the country is Sikkim with a population of 6,07,688.
  • Mizoram is the second least populous state in India with around 10,91,014 population.
  • Arunachal Pradesh is the third least populous state.

The correct answer is All of the Above.

Key Points

Evidence that supports the theory:

• The Matching of Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit): 
  • The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other match remarkably.
• Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans: 
  • Radiometric dating methods have correlated the rock formation in different continents.
• Tillite: 
  • ​The glacial tillite found in the Gondwana system of sediments has its resemblance to six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere.
• Placer Deposits: 
  • The placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast do not have source rock in the region. 
  • The gold deposits of Ghana have been derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side
• Distribution of Fossils: 
  • Identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in freshwater are found on either side of the marine barriers.

Important Points

Continental Drift Theory:

• Alfred Wegener put forward a continental drift theory in 1912.  
• All the continents are formed of a single Continental mass and a mega ocean surrounded the same.
• The supercontinent was named Pangaea and the Mega Ocean was called Panthalassa.  
• Pangea first broke into two large Continental masses Laurasia and  Gondwanaland Forming the northern and Southern components respectively. 
• Laurasia and Gondwanaland continued to break into smaller continents that existed today.  ​

Rimland theory 

• Nicholas John Spykman (1893 - 1943), an American political scientist propounded Rimland's theory in 1942.
• It was published in 1944 in his book entitled The Geography of Peace

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Main concept:

• It is basically the opposite of the Heartland theory by Mackinder
• The inner crescent of the Heartland theory is considered as the Rimland here
• Topography, terrain, and climate are considered an important determinant of foreign policy
• Peace is possible by collective security arrangement or international balance of power arrangement
• Unified Rimland: strong land power the USA and the Soviet Union
• He gave more emphasis on sea power
• Seapower possible to conceive of the Eurasian continent as a unit
• Defines the relationship between the old and new world
• These regions have more potential than the Heartland
• It is an intermediate region between Heartland and marginal sea region

The rimland:

The inner marginal crescent was divided into three parts in Rimland theory

1. European land
2. The Arabian middle eastern desert
3. Asiatic monsoon land

Premises:

• Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia
• Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world

The underdeveloped and developing countries lack resources and technology for sustainable development. Thus, they prove to be a major block in fighting climate change. The World Trade Organization has taken steps like formulation of Sustainable Development Goals under United Nations Development Program in collaboration with United Nations. Thus, both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Thus, the correct answer is B.

The photograph that is taken with the optical axis deliberately tilted to show the earth’s horizon is known as high oblique aerial photograph. These aerial photographs cover a large part of the earth’s surface and are used for pictorial and illustrative purposes and are used in several reconnaissance surveys.

Thus, the Correct answer is C.

The correct answer is mean sea level.

Key Points

• The heights of any place on the land are measured from mean sea level.
• This is because sea is a continuous water body and its surface tends to seek the same level throughout the world.
• Mean sea level is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.
• A common mean sea level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location.

 Thus, we can say that the heights of any place on the land are measured from the mean sea level.

Additional Information

• A plain is a broad area of relatively flat land.
• A slope is the rise or fall of the land surface.

The correct answer is Water Current.Key Points

• The 3 chief movements of ocean water are:
  • the waves,
  • the tides, and
  • the ocean currents.
• Hence Water Current is NOT one of the three chief movements of ocean waters.
• Oceans are a major part of the Hydrosphere.
• They are all interconnected. The ocean waters are always moving.
•  The five major oceans are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean, in order of their size.

Additional Information

• Ocean currents are the constant, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (the Coriolis effect), and the density of the water.
• Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. 
• Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are referred to as upwellings or downwellings.
• Ocean currents are one of the factors that affect the temperature of ocean water.
  • Warm ocean currents raise the temperature in cold areas.
  • Cold ocean currents decrease the temperature in warmer areas.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

Inversion of temperature:

• Under normal conditions, temperature usually decreases with increase in altitude in the troposphere at a rate of 1 degree for every 165 metres. This is called normal lapse rate.
• But on some occasions, the situations get reversed and the temperature starts increasing with height rather than decreasing. This is called temperature inversion. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It is a reversal of the normal behavior of temperature in the troposphere. Under this meteorological phenomenon a layer of warm air lies over the cold air layer.
• It is caused in stac atmospheric conditions while some times, it occurs due to horizontal or vertical movement of air.
• Temperature inversion is usually of short duration but quite common nonetheless.

​​​Favourable Conditions for Temperature Inversion:

• Long winter nights
  • Loss of heat by terrestrial radiation from the ground surface during night may exceed the amount of incoming solar radiation.
• Cloudless and clear sky.
  • Loss of heat through terrestrial radiation proceeds more rapidly without any obstruction. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Dry air near the ground surface
• Slow movement of air
• Snow covered ground surface
  • It results in maximum loss of heat through reflection of incoming solar radiation.
  • This regular temperature inversion in the high Arctic is caused by the lack of surface heating by the Sun, which stays below the horizon during the winter (the Polar Night), and the continuous loss of heat from the surface (through emission of infrared radiation). 
  • Hence, temperature inversion is common phenomenon at the poles. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Concept:

Pollution:

• Pollution is the presence of dangerous compounds in the air, land, and water that can harm both living things and the environment.

CFC:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are used in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol sprays.
• CFCs damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Explanation:

Ozone layer depletion:

• Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere.
• The balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
• CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere.

Global warming:

• The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is responsible for the heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
• Clouds and gases reflect about one-fourth of the incoming solar radiation and absorb some of it but almost half of the incoming solar radiation falls on Earth’s surface heating it, while a small proportion is reflected back.
• Earth’s surface re-emits heat in the form of infrared radiation but part of this does not escape into space as atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, CFC etc.) absorb a major fraction of it.

Thus, CFCs have contributed to-

1. Global warming-Correct.

2. Ozone depletion-Correct.

So, the correct code is both 1 and 2.

Answer: Option 2) Subduction.

The Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that interact with one another at plate boundaries, influencing the topography of the ocean floor. The subsequent question delves into the characteristics of different plate boundary settings and seeks to identify the setting where the ocean floor is the deepest.

Key Points

• The ocean floor is deepest at subduction zones.
• Subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another.
• This process results in the formation of deep ocean trenches, such as the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific, which is known as the deepest point on Earth's ocean floor.
• The subduction of oceanic plates beneath continental plates or another oceanic plate creates a trench-like depression.

 Additional Information

• Divergent: At divergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates move away from each other, creating mid-ocean ridges. While these ridges can be elevated, they are not associated with the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
• Continent - Continent Collision: Continent-continent collisions result in the formation of large mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas. While this setting can lead to significant topographical features, it does not create the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
• Transform: Transform plate boundaries involve plates sliding past each other horizontally. They are associated with features like strike-slip faults but do not typically result in the creation of deep ocean trenches.

Hence, the ocean floor is deepest at subduction zones.

Answer: Option 3) continental Shelf.

The Earth's surface exhibits a fascinating interplay between land and water, and one notable feature is the transition between continents and oceans. Unlike a clear and defined separation, continents gradually slope seaward from the coast. This slope leads to the formation of a shallow submerged extension of the continent, a geographical feature of great importance. The upcoming question explores the terminology associated with this submerged extension.

Key Points

• The shallow submerged extension of a continent is termed the Continental Shelf.
• This region, varying in width and depth, represents the subaquatic continuation of the continent's landmass. 
• the depth of the shallow seawater over the continental shelf ranges between 120 to 370 meters, and its width can vary significantly, extending from a few kilometers to over 100 kilometers.
• The variations in continental shelf characteristics are observable globally, as evidenced by the differences between the eastern and western coasts of the Indian Peninsula, or the distinctions along the coasts of West Europe and Florida. 

Additional Information 

Oceanic Trench: An oceanic trench is a completely different geological feature compared to the continental shelf. Trenches are deep, elongated cavities in the ocean floor, typically formed by the subduction of tectonic plates. These are the deepest parts of the ocean and are quite distinct from the shallow, submerged extension of continents.

Continental Divide: The Continental Divide refers to a ridge along mountainous terrain that separates waters flowing into different oceans or river systems. It marks the boundary where rainfall or melting snowmelt may flow into different drainage basins. This term is more associated with the direction of water flow on the Earth's surface, rather than the physical extension of continents into the ocean.

Abyssal Plain: Abyssal plains are vast, flat expanses on the ocean floor that lie in the abyssal zone, typically at depths exceeding 4,000 meters. These plains are characterized by sediment deposition and are far deeper than the continental shelf. They are quite different from the shallower regions associated with the continental shelf.

hence, the term for the shallow submerged extension of a continent, where continents gently meet the oceanic expanse, is the Continental Shelf (Option c).

The correct answer is Only three.
Important Points

Here is the justification for each:

Mississippi:

• The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in North America, flowing through ten U.S. states, from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico.

Amazon:

• The Amazon River is in South America, primarily flowing through Brazil and Peru.
• It's the second longest river in the world and has the largest drainage basin on the planet, not to mention its crucial role in the Amazon Rainforest's ecosystem.

Orange:

• The Orange River, contrary to what's listed in the table, is not in Asia.
• It's actually the longest river in South Africa and forms part of the border between South Africa and Namibia.

Darling:

• The Darling River is the third longest river in Australia, running through New South Wales.
• It is part of the Murray-Darling river system, which is the longest river system in Australia.

The Correct Answer is Pelagic deposit.​

Key Points

• This Globigerina ooze is the most densely spread of the oozes which occur both in the Atlantic and in the Indian oceans. While Pteropod ooze is found in the middle of the Atlantic.
• globigerina ooze a layer of soft mud made up in large part of the shells of dead globigerina and covering great areas of the sea bottom at depths of 1000 to 3000 feet.
• globigerina ooze formed
  • Globigerina ooze Deep-sea ooze in which at least 30% of the sediment consists of planktonic Foraminiferida, including chiefly Globigerina.
  • It is the most widespread deposit to form from the settling out of material from overlying waters, covering almost 50% of the deep-sea floor.

International days are opportunities for educating the general public about pressing concerns.

Key Points

Therefore, (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I) is correct options.

Additional Information

• On November 11, India commemorates the birth anniversary of India's first Education Minister, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, with a National Education Day.
• Azad was a major supporter of women's education.

The Correct Answer is Yi-Fu-Tuan.

Key Points

• Humanistic School in Geography:
  • Chinese-American geographer Yi-Fu Tuan is the founder of the Humanistic School in Geography in 1976.
  • Human geography is distinguished by; - Human awareness - Human agency - Human consciousness - Human creativity.
  • The humanistic approach is a way of thinking in human geography; approach that seeks to put humans at the center of geography.
• Well-known Humanist Geographers:
  • Anne Buttimer
  • Edward Relph
  • Yi-Fu Tuan
• In 1976, it was Yi-Fu Tuan who argued for humanistic geography as concerned with people and their conditions.

Additional Information

• Humanistic Geography (social & cultural geography) problems and Prospects: Edited by David Ley, Marawyn Samuels (1978).
• Others included Humanistic geographers Edmunds Bunkse, Anne Buttimer, James Duncan, Jhon Western, etc
• As a counter to the postulates of positivism, Leonard Guelke propounded the philosophy of idealism and urged human geographers, especially the historical geographers to probe into what humans, as decision-makers believed in and not why they believed.

The correct answer is Cultural Ecology.

Important Points

• Culture, behavior peculiar to Homo sapiens, together with material objects used as an integral part of this behavior. Thus, culture includes language, ideas, beliefs, customs, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, and ceremonies, among other elements.

Key Points

• Cultural ecology is a methodological approach to investigating the relationship between humans and environments, considering culture as a key to understanding the evolutionary process, differently from other living beings.
• Human ecology, man’s collective interaction with his environment. Influenced by the work of biologists on the interaction of organisms within their environments, social scientists undertook to study human groups similarly.
• Human ecology, in the social sciences is the study of how the social structure adapts to the quality of natural resources and the existence of other human groups. When this study is limited to the development and variation of cultural properties, it is called cultural ecology.
• Harlan Barrows in the 1940s, for the first time proposed a culture ecology term that encompasses the study of how human responses to the environment reflect the specific composition of the culture group involved.
• Human ecology views the biological, environmental, demographic, and technical conditions of the life of any person as an interrelated series of determinants of form and function in human cultures and social systems.
• It recognizes that group behavior is dependent upon resources and associated skills and upon a body of emotionally charged beliefs; these together give rise to a system of social structures.

Additional Information

• Cultural diffusion describes the spread of one culture's practices, beliefs, and/or items, like food, music, or tools. This spread can be among members of the same culture or to completely different cultures around the world. Cultural diffusion is why many cultures around the world share similarities.

Hettner in 1905 clearly expressed the logical arguments concerning the place of the Earth’s body in the field of Geography.

Key Points

Alfred Hettner (August 6, 1859 – August 31, 1941):

• Alfred Hettner was a German geographer.
• He is known for his concept of chorology, the study of places and regions, a concept that influenced both Carl O. Sauer and Richard Hartshorne.
• Apart from Europe, his fieldwork concentrated mainly on Colombia, Chile, and Russia.
• Alfred Hettner, who obtained his PhD from the University of Strasbourg, was also a pupil of Ferdinand von Richthofen and Friedrich Ratzel in Leipzig—where he obtained his habilitation.
• His book Europe was published in 1907.
• According to him, geography is a chorological science or it is a study of regions.
• In his view, geography was fundamentally chorology, or the study of geographic distributions over the Earth’s surface. It was concerned with human interconnection and interaction with the natural environment, but it should also take into account the arrangement, by area, of the Earth’s physical phenomena. The study of local differences in phenomena over the Earth’s surface was the keynote of this concept.
• Hettner rejected the view that geography could be either general or regional. Geography, like other fields of learning, must deal in both unique things (regional geography) and with the universal (general geography), but the study of regions — especially in the form of his Länderkunde approach — is the main field of geography.
• For more than 40 years Hettner’s principal medium for disseminating his ideas on the scope and methodology of geography was the influential Geographische Zeitung (“Geographical Journal”), first published in 1899.
• The first volume of his Grundzüge der Länderkunde (1907; “Foundations of Regional Geography”) dealt with Europe, but its companion volume, on other regions, did not appear until 1924.
• He also wrote Vergleichende Länderkunde, 4 vol. (1933–35; “Comparative Regional Geography”).
• One of the major works of geographic literature, the 11-volume Handbuch der Geographischen Wissenschaft (“Handbook of Geographical Science”), completed in 1940, was his conception.
• Hettner supervised, among others, the PhDs of Oskar Schmieder, Friedrich Metz, and Heinrich Schmitthenner.

The correct reason is Both (A) and (R) are individually true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• The westerlies are steadier and stronger in the southern hemisphere because they face minimal land interference as compared to the northern hemisphere.
  • Land interference causes obstruction in the flow of wind in the northern hemisphere, thus slowing the westerlies.
  • Hence (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• The prevailing wind in a region of the Earth's surface is a surface wind that blows predominantly from a particular direction.
  • The dominant winds are the trends in direction of the wind with the highest speed over a particular point on the Earth's surface.

• Hence, option 4 is correct.

Additional Information

• Westerlies
  • The westerlies are the winds blowing from the subtropical high-pressure belts towards the sub-polar low-pressure belts.
  • They blow from south­west to north-east in the northern hemisphere and north-west to south-east in the southern hemisphere.
  • The westerlies of the southern hemisphere are stronger and persistent due to the vast expanse of water, while those of the northern hemisphere are irregular because of uneven relief of vast land masses.
  • The westerlies are best developed between 40° and 65°S latitudes.
    • These latitudes are often called Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties, and Shrieking Sixties – dreaded terms for sailors.
  • The poleward boundary of the westerlies is highly fluctuating. There are many seasonal and short-term fluctuations. These winds produce wet spells and variability in weather.
• Polar easterlies
  • The Polar easterlies are dry, cold prevailing winds blowing from north-east to south-west direction in Northern Hemisphere and south-east to the north-west in Southern Hemisphere.
  • They blow from the polar high-pressure areas of the sub-polar lows.

Digital image processing is a technique which involves manipulation of digital image to extract information. When satellite images are being manipulated in such manner, this technique is also referred to as satellite image processing. It involves combination of software based image processing tools. There are three classification of digital image processing.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Culture cannot be measured. The work standard of a person cannot be measured with another person's work. Culture is a social concept and is constantly changing and adapting.

Brock and Webb has divided the world into 4 major and 2 minor cultural realms. Occidental realm, Islamic, Indian and east Indian cultural realm are the major ones while south east Asian, Meso African are the minor cultural realms.

Europe has a large acre of agricultural land than any other continent and there are no deserts. Its mineral wealth is considerable and varied as well as the trade conditions exceed that of Europe. The mixing of European races results in a variety of energetic and inventive people.

Cultural area is a concept of cultural geography, in which a geographic region and time sequence is characterised by substantially uniform environment and culture. The present boundaries of states in India, which have been drawn on the basis of languages, generally represent cultural areas while cultural region is a portion of the Earth's surface that has common cultural elements.

During the 19th century, Canada was a major exporter of primary products, mainly to the United Kingdom. The greatest single export item is forest products which accounts for a third of the annual total. After that comes wheat and flour and many important minerals.

As per the Census of 2011 the population of Sikkim is 619,000 which is lowest in India. Sikkim is located at trijunction of India with China (Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan.

Uttar Pradesh is the largest Wheat producing state of India, followed by Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Scales are required to navigate maps correctly. It gives you an accurate understanding of distance. For example if the scale on a map states: 1:100000 or is 1:100000 scale map. Then that would mean that 1cm on the map would equal 1 km scale on the ground.

Paper and Paper Board is a forest-based industry. In 1832 the first modern paper mill of the country was set up at Serampore in West Bengal.