UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 9 - UGC NET MCQ

Interdisciplinary is a synthesis of two or more disciplines establishing a new level of discourse and integration of knowledge.

Assertion (A):- Doing Interdisciplinary research is more challenging than that in any single discipline.

In interdisciplinary research, concepts, and methodologies are explicitly exchanged and intergraded resulting in a mutual enrichment. Interdisciplinarity, thus, involves interaction among two or more different disciplines and occurs at the interface between disciplines.

This may range from the sharing of ideas to the full integration of concepts, methodology, procedures, theory, terminology, data, organization of research, and training.

An interdisciplinary project reflects the following characteristics.

• It involves two or more disciplines and joint work.
• Unified problem formulation and sharing of ideas.
• Exchange and integration of concepts and methodologies.
• It is interactive, integrative, and collaborative.
• It has an applied orientation.
• It leads to the emergence of new knowledge or perspectives, new disciplines e.g., Bioinformatics, Social and Preventive Medicine, Eco philosophy.
• Doing Interdisciplinary research is more challenging than that in any single discipline also the outcome is more than the sum of the individual parts.

Hence assertion is true.

Reasons (R):- It is not possible to combine knowledge from two disciplines.

• Practical barriers to interdisciplinary research include the difficulties of organizing meetings, developing a common language and knowledge, and understanding the task at hand. The causes of critical health problems are many and varied complicating the essential task of deciding on the focus of the group.
• The main disadvantage of interdisciplinary research is that sometimes there's difficulty in establishing lines of connection between multiple disciplines. Also, at times, interdisciplinary research can lack coherence and a sense of purpose but it is possible to combine knowledge from two disciplines.

Hence reason is incorrect.

Thus in the above scenario it can be concluded that (A) is true but (R) is false.

Given:

The given numbers are: 21, 25, 26, 29 and 34.

Concept used:

Average = (Sum of all observations) ÷ (Total number of observations)

Calculation:

The sum of all given numbers = 21 + 25 + 26 + 29 + 34 = 135

The number of observation = 5

The required average = 135/5 = 27

According to the question,

⇒ ? = 81 - 3(27)

⇒ ? = 81 - 81

⇒ ? = 0

∴ The value of the required expression is 0.

• The University of Calcutta, the University of Bombay, and the University of Madras were all modelled on the lines of the University of London.
• These universities were established in the mid-19th century, during the British colonial period in India. They were modelled on the University of London in terms of their structure, governance, and curriculum.
• The University of Andhra and the University of Mysore, on the other hand, were established later in the early 20th century.
• They were influenced by the University of London to some extent, but they also had their own unique features and were not directly modelled on the University of London.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1) A, B and C only.

Given:
Speed of man = 14 km/h
Total distance to cover = 7 km
Formula used:
Time = distance/speed
Calculation:
If the man doesn't stop to rest, then
Time taken to complete the distance of 7 km = 7/14 = 1/2 h = 30 min
Total rest time = 7 × 6 = 42 min
Total time to cover the distance = 30 + 42 = 72 min = 1 1/5 hours
∴ The correct answer is 1 1/5 h.

The university that was considered the learning center for royal princes during the Gupta period in ancient India was Nalanda University.
Key Points

• Nalanda was a Mahavihara (a Buddhist monastic university) located in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (present-day Bihar, India). It was one of the largest and most prestigious universities in the ancient world, and it attracted students from all over Asia.
• Nalanda University was founded in the 5th century CE by Kumaragupta I, one of the most powerful rulers of the Gupta Empire. The Gupta kings were patrons of Buddhism, and they supported Nalanda University generously.
• Nalanda University offered a wide range of courses, including philosophy, religion, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and linguistics. It was known for its high standards of education and its world-class faculty.
• Nalanda University was also a center for cultural exchange. Students from all over Asia came to Nalanda to study, and they brought with them their own cultures and traditions. This made Nalanda University a melting pot of cultures, and it played an important role in the spread of Buddhist thought and culture throughout Asia.

The other options are incorrect:

• Takshashila University was another major university in ancient India, but it was not the learning center for royal princes during the Gupta period.
• University of Mithila was a center of Hindu learning, but it was not as prestigious as Nalanda University during the Gupta period.
• Vikramshila University was founded in the 8th century CE, so it was not in existence during the Gupta period.

Given data:

Speed of first train: 110 km/h

Speed of second train: 90 km/h

Time taken to cross each other: 54 seconds

Length of first train: 130 meters

Concept: The length of the second train equals the relative speed multiplied by the time taken to cross each other, minus the length of the first train.

Calculation:

⇒ Convert speeds from km/h to m/s (multiply by 5/18): 30.56 m/s and 25 m/s

⇒ Relative speed = 30.56 - 25 = 5.56 m/s

⇒ Length of second train = 5.56 m/s x 54 seconds - 130 metres = 170 metres

Therefore, the length of the second train is 170 metres.

The correct answer is B only.

Key Points

• A) ROM is volatile memory: This statement is false. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory, meaning it retains its data even when the power is off. Volatile memory, on the other hand, loses its data when powered down.
• B) ROM is typically used for the storage of firmware like BIOS: This statement is true. Firmware like BIOS and other basic system instructions are commonly stored in ROM due to its non-volatile nature and read-only access.
• C) ROM can be easily rewritten or modified: This statement is false. Traditional ROM is permanent and cannot be easily modified after being programmed. Some newer types of ROM (like EEPROM) offer limited rewritability, but it's generally not "easy" compared to RAM.
• D) ROM refers to the main memory used by programs in execution: This statement is false. The main memory used by programs during execution is RAM (Random Access Memory), which allows for both reading and writing. ROM is primarily used for read-only data and instructions that remain unchanged over time.

Therefore, only B) ROM is typically used for the storage of firmware like BIOS is true. The other options contain at least one false statement.

The correct answer is D only. The Indian Universities Act of 1904 was enacted by Lord Curzon to increase governmental control over universities in India.

Key Points

• A) It set a uniform curriculum for all universities in India: This statement is false. While the Act aimed to standardize certain administrative and academic principles, it didn't impose a uniform curriculum across all universities. Individual universities continued to have some autonomy in designing their own courses and syllabi.
• B) It established a system for affiliating new universities to the British education system: This statement is true, but it's not the key change. The Act introduced a system for affiliating colleges to existing universities, but this primarily aimed to expand access to higher education rather than directly increase government control.
• C) It marginally decreased governmental control over universities: This statement is completely false. The Act was specifically designed to give the government more influence over universities. It increased the number of government nominees on university governing bodies, gave the government greater power to regulate fees and curriculum, and strengthened the role of the central government in overseeing university affairs.

Therefore, the major impact of the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was the intensification of government control over universities, making option D the correct answer.

Given

Mixture of 60 litres, ratio of milk and water = 2 ∶ 3

The desired ratio of milk and water = 1 ∶ 2

Concept:

We should find out the amount of water to be added to change the ratio of milk and water from 2 ∶ 3 to 1 ∶ 2.

Calculation:

In the mixture, quantity of milk = (2/5) × 60 = 24 litres

⇒ For the milk and water to be in the ratio 1 ∶ 2,

⇒ Amount of water needed = 2 × quantity of milk

= 2 × 24 = 48 litres

⇒ Amount of water to be added = 48 - (60 - 24) = 12 litres

Therefore, 12 litres of water must be added to make the ratio of milk and water 1 ∶ 2.

The correct answer is: Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

Important Points

Statement I: In a ratio scale, zero point is arbitrary.

• This statement is false.
• In a ratio scale of measurement, the zero point is not arbitrary.
• A ratio scale has a true zero point, which represents the absence of the measured attribute.
  • For example, in measurements like weight, height, or income, a value of zero indicates a complete absence of the attribute being measured.

Statement II: The nominal scale allows ordering/ranking of data.

• This statement is also false.
• The nominal scale is the lowest level of measurement and does not involve ordering or ranking of data.
• It simply categorizes data into distinct groups or categories based on shared characteristics.
• There is no inherent order or hierarchy among these categories.

Additional Information

Measurement Scales

• Qualitative data is used to define the information and can also be further broken down into sub-categories through the four scales of measurement.

Psychologist Stanley Stevens developed the four common scales of measurement. Each scale of measurement has properties that determine how to properly analyse the data. The four scales are- Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.

• The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ranking and ordering of the data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them.
• A Nominal Scale is a measurement scale, in which numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” only, to identify or classify an object. This measurement normally deals only with non-numeric (quantitative) variables or where numbers have no value.
• The interval scale is a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference between the two variables is meaningful and equal, and the presence of zero is arbitrary.
• A ratio scale is a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points. Unlike on an interval scale, a zero on a ratio scale means there is a total absence of the variable you are measuring.
• Length, area, and population are examples of ratio scales.

Shortcut Trick
Men : Women = 5 : 7
Total number of workers = 840
⇒ The value of 12 → 840
⇒ The value of 1 → 70
Since more men are joining. But the women are the same.

⇒ The value of 2 → 70 × 2 = 140
Hence, 140 more men should be joined to make the ratio 1 : 1.
Alternate Method
Let the men and women in the ice-cream factory be 5x and 7x respectively.
⇒ 5x + 7x = 840
⇒ 12x = 840
⇒ x = 70
Thus, Men = 5x = 5 × 70 = 350
And women = 7x = 7 × 70 = 490
Let y more men should be joined to make the ratio 1 : 1.
⇒ 350 + y / 490 = 1/1
⇒ 350 + y = 490
⇒ y = 140
Hence, 140 more men should be joined to make the ratio 1 : 1.

The use of ICT in education is growing more and more as it helps students in the effective achievement of their learning objectives. E-learning refers to a wide variety of electronic technologies used for educational purposes in a variety of educational formats and designs. E-learning instructions can be classified into synchronous and asynchronous.
Key - Points
Synchronous communication:

• Also known as ‘real-time’, as both the learner and the teacher are present in real-time in an online virtual classroom.
• The virtual classroom is mediated by e-learning technologies.
• It facilitates ‘live’ classrooms and live interactions.
• The tools used for synchronous instructions are video conferencing and instant messaging.

Advantages:

• Real-time collaboration.
• Immediate response and feedback.
• Video/web conferencing allows for body language and tone of voice.
• Increased motivation and engagement with course concepts.
• Increased social presence.

Disadvantages:

• Lack of reflection between collaborators.
• If technology fails the collaboration session not possible.
• The huge time commitment for collaborators.
• Difficult for one to many communication.

​Important Point

• Encourage live participation and interaction through online classes: Synchronous communication in the form of video or audio conferencing encourages live participation and interaction among students. Hence, this statement is correct.
• Enables response flexibility: One key disadvantage of synchronous communication is that it does not enable response flexibility because there’s a high pressure to answer immediately. When there isn’t this huge pressure on students to respond as quickly as possible, they can focus on the subject content and give their full attention. Hence, this statement is incorrect.
• Have to be extremely clear and detailed with the subject matter: Synchronous communications administer the opportunity for more in-depth interactions. Teachers and students can have live discussions to brainstorm or solve problems, something that wouldn’t be possible in the case of an asynchronous environment. Hence, this statement is correct.
• More time for subject matter reflection: Synchronous e-learning requires an immediate response as a result of which students don't get enough time to understand the concept behind the subject matter and respond positively. Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Additional Information

• ​Asynchronous: Both synchronous and asynchronous instructions involve the use of e-learning technologies, however, in asynchronous the learner and the teacher are not present at the same time rather the content is accessed by the learner at a later time i.e. there is a time delay between the content delivery and content access. E-learning and communication technologies such as emails, discussion boards, blogs, etc.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The National Skill Development Corporation India (NSDC) was set up as a one of its kind, Public-Private Partnership Company with the primary mandate of catalyzing the skills landscape in India. NSDC is a unique model created with a well thought through underlying philosophy based on the following pillars:

• 1. Create: Proactively catalyze the creation of large, quality vocational training institutions.

• 2. Fund: Reduce risk by providing patient capital. Including grants and equity.

• 3. Enable the creation and sustainability of support systems required for skill development. This includes the Industry-led Sector Skill Councils.

  Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
  • The Scheme was subsequently launched on 15 July 2015, on the occasion of World Youth Skills Day by Honorable Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi.
  • PMKVY is implemented by National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC) under the guidance of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
  • With a vision of a “Skilled India”, MSDE aims to skill India on a large scale with speed and high standards. PMKVY is the flagship scheme that is driving towards greater realization of this vision.

• Salient Features:

• • Short Term Training

  • Recognition of Prior Learning

  • Special Projects

  • Kaushal and Rozgar Mela

  • Placement Assistance

  • Continuous Monitoring

  • Standardized Branding and Communication

  The Scheme aims to:

  • Encourage standardization in the certification process and initiate a process of creating a registry of skills

  • Benefit 24 lakh youth at an approximate total cost of Rs. 1,500 crore.

  • Reward candidates undergoing skill training by authorized institutions at an average monetary reward of Rs.8,000 (Rupees eight thousand) per candidate. ​

  • Enable and mobilize a large number of Indian youth to take up skill training and become employable and earn their livelihood. Increase productivity of the existing workforce and align the training and certification to the needs of the country.

• Hence, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship implemented by the National Skills Development Corporation.

• Additional Information:

• 1) Robotic India: All India Council for Robotics and Automation (AICRA)

  • AICRA a not-for-profit organization is the apex body, setting up standards in Robotics & Automation and education industry as well as helping over 35,00+ members organizations and professionals to solve difficult technical problems while enhancing their leadership and personal career capabilities.
  • It supports the Robotics & Automation industry, providing support systems to institutions such as quality assurance, information systems, and train-the-trainer (TTT) academies either directly or through partnerships.
  • To strengthen supplementary skill development, AICRA focuses on fostering private sector-led efforts that include both non-profit and for-profit initiatives with the goal of building models that are scalable.
  • AICRA is focused on building the architecture integral to the development of the automation sector through policy advocacy, and help in setting up the strategic direction for the sector to unleash its potential and dominate newer frontiers.

• 2) Artificial Intelligence @ schools:

  • ​CBSE has introduced Artificial Intelligence as an optional subject at Class 9 from the Session 2019- 2020 onwards and has been conducting training for Teachers on how to use AI in the Classroom. A Training Video has also been prepared to assist the same.

  • CBSE announced AI as a multi-disciplinary integrated pedagogical approach to further enhance teaching and learning across classes 6 to 12.

• 3) Make in India:

  • ​The Make in India initiative was launched by Prime Minister in September 2014 as part of a wider set of nation-building initiatives.

  • It was devised to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.

  • It was a powerful, galvanizing call to action to India’s citizens and business leaders, and an invitation to potential partners and investors around the world.

  • it represents a complete change of the government’s mindset – a shift from issuing authority to a business partner, in keeping with Prime Minister's tenet of ‘Minimum Government, Maximum Governance’.

(a) False - The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) method is used to control for the effects of a continuous covariate in the analysis of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

(b) False - The Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method is used when there are two independent variables (factors) that may affect a dependent variable. It can determine whether there are significant main effects of each independent variable on the dependent variable and an interaction effect between the two independent variables.

(c) False - The Multiple Correlation method determines the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more continuous variables.

(d) True - The Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method analyses the effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable. It can help researchers to understand how different levels of each independent variable affect the dependent variable and whether the effects are consistent or different at different levels of the other independent variable.

Calculation:

We can observe that the differences between consecutive numbers are roughly halving each time. This suggests that the series might be based on halving and then subtracting or adding a small value. Let's see if we can find a pattern:

445 / 2 = 222.5 → 221 (-1.5)

221 / 2 = 110.5 → 109 (-1.5)

109 / 2 = 54.5 → 46 (-8.5) (not consistent with the pattern)

46 / 2 = 23 → 25 (+2) 25 / 2 = 12.5 → 11 (-1.5)

11 / 2 = 5.5 → 4 (-1.5)

The correct series should follow the pattern of halving and then subtracting 1.5:

445, 221, 109, 54, 25, 11, 4

So the wrong number in the given series is 46.

The best description of the key feature of Open Educational Resources (OER) is: C. OER are teaching and learning materials that are freely available and also permit users to freely modify and redistribute them. Key Points

• A. OER are always free but not available for modification or adaptation due to copyright restrictions: While access to OER is typically free, not all OER come with open licenses that allow modification and redistribution. Some OER have Creative Commons licenses that restrict certain uses, like non-commercial use or requiring attribution.
• B. OER refers exclusively to online courses from established universities and institutions: While many OER come from these sources, OER can encompass a wide range of materials, including textbooks, lectures, videos, images, assessments, and more. They can be created by anyone, not just established institutions.
• D. OER are physical textbooks and materials provided at a reduced cost to promote education: While some OER may be available in physical formats, the key feature of OER is their digital nature and open licensing.

Therefore, C accurately captures the essence of OER: freely available and modifiable educational materials, empowering users to adapt and share them for wider educational benefit.

Given:
Discount = 10%, profit = 20%, discount is increased to = 20%
Formula used:
SP = CP(100 + P)/100
SP = MP(100 - D)/100
P = profit, D = discount
Calculation:
Let MP of article 100
After 10% discount = 100 × 10/100 = 10
SP = 100 - 10 = 90
Profit 20% then CP will be
90 = CP(100 + 20)/100
CP = 9000/120 = 75
Discount increased to 20% = 100 × 20/100 = 20
New SP = 100 - 20 = 80
Profit percentage will be = (80 - 75)/75 × 100 = 6 2/3%
∴ The correct answer is 6 2/3%

• The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship in association with Quest Alliance, National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), and other units of the curriculum's eco-system of the Ministry launched a new course on competency skills.
• The initiative is being supported by the Future Right Skills Network, a collective effort by Quest Alliance, Accenture, Cisco, and JPMorgan.
• Over 2.5 million students from over 15,600 government and private Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) will benefit from the programme, which includes a new and expanded 120-hour curriculum in Hindi and English.
• Some of the modules include employability skills, digital skills, citizenship, diversity and inclusion, career development and goal setting, getting ready for work and entrepreneurship.
• Variants of courses of 30, 60, and 90 hours duration are also being launched for both long-term and short-term courses.
• Future Right Skills Network is on a mission to empower youth in technical and vocational training institutions with employability skills for a knowledge-based economy.
• Quest Alliance is a not-for-profit trust that equips 21st-century youth with skills by enabling them to learn on their own. We create scalable solutions that enable teachers to bridge gaps for quality education and skill training.

Additional Information

• Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship - Dharmendra Pradhan
• Ministry of Human Resource Development - Ramesh Pokhriyal
• Ministry of Information and Broadcasting - Anurag Thakur
• Ministry of Education - Dharmendra Pradhan

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X over the years.
Calculation :
The Production of 'E' type cars in 2016 = 115
The Production of 'B' type cars in 2019 = 215
Percentage of E-type cars in 2016 according to B-type cars in 2019 = 115/215 x 100
⇒ 53.5%
∴ The answer is 53.5%.

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X over the years.
Calculation :
Number of D cars manufactured in 2018 = 230
Number of D cars manufactured in 2021 = 220
Approximate percentage decrease in production from 2018 to 2021 = (230 - 220) / 230 x 100
⇒ 10/230 x 100 = 4.35%
∴ The answer is 4.35% .

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X from 2016 to 2021.
Calculation :
Total production of A type cars in given years = 230 + 240 + 250 + 260 + 230 + 255 = 1465
Total production of B type cars in given years = 200 + 220 + 215 + 215 + 135 + 130 = 1115
Total production of C type cars in given years = 125 + 228 + 212 + 230 + 240 + 250 = 1285
Total production of D type cars in given years = 130 + 165 + 230 + 220 + 120 + 220 = 1085
Total production of E type cars in given years = 115 + 212 + 218 + 125 + 120 + 130 = 920
Clearly, we can see that A has the highest production from 2016 to 2021
∴ The answer is A.

Given :
Data of the number of 5 types of cars (A, B, C, D, E) manufactured (in thousand) by company X from 2016 to 2021
Calculation :
A type of Cars manufactured by X in 2016 = 230
A type of Cars manufactured by X in 2021 = 255
Percentage of increase from 2016 to 2021 = (255 - 230) / 230 x 100
⇒ 25/230 x 100 = 10.87%
∴ The answer is 10.87% .

A “sample” is a miniature representation of and selected from a larger group or aggregate. The sample provides a specimen picture of a larger whole. This larger whole is termed as the “population” or “universe”. In research, this term is used in a broader sense; it is a well-defined group that may consist of individuals, objects, characteristics of human beings, or even the behavior of inanimate objects, such as, the throw of a dice or the tossing of a coin.

Sampling is the selection of representative of a small group (sample) from the population. The method used for drawing a sample is significant
to arrive at dependable results or conclusions. The various sampling methods can be broadly classified into two categories: Probability Sampling and Non-probability Sampling.

Simple or unrestricted random sampling:

• Simple random sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a finite population in such a way that every unit of the population is given an equal chance of being selected.
• In practice, you can draw a simple random sample unit by unit through the following steps:
  1. Define the population
  2. Decide the size of the sample or the number of units to be included in the sample.
  3. Make a list of all the units in the population and number them from 1 to n.
  4. Use either the ‘lottery method’ or ‘random number tables’ to pick the units to be included in the sample.
• For example,
  1. ​​you may use the lottery method to draw a random sample by using a set of ‘n’ tickets, with numbers ‘1 to n’ if there are ‘n’ units in the population.
  2. After shuffling the tickets thoroughly, the sample of required size, say x, is selected by picking the required x number of tickets.
  3. The units which have the serial numbers occurring on these tickets will be considered selected.
  4. The assumption underlying this method is that the tickets are shuffled so that the population can be regarded as arranged randomly.

Hence, Define the target population, decide sample size, list all the units of the target population, and drawing the sample by randomization is the process of drawing samples in a simple random sampling.

Given:

Efficiency of Anu = 4 × Efficiency of Binni

They finish a work in 12 hours together.

Concept used:

Total work = Efficiency of the workers × Time taken by them

Calculation:

Let, the efficiency of Binny be m.

So, the efficiency of Anu = 4m

Effective efficiency of them = m + 4m = 5m

Total work = 12 × 5m = 60m

Now, the time taken by Anu to finish the work = 60m/4m = 15 hours

∴ In 15 hours Anu will finish the work alone.

UPI stands for Unified Payments Interface. So the answer is (3).

Key Points

• UPI is a real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
• It is designed to facilitate inter-bank peer-to-peer (P2P) and person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions.
• UPI is a mobile-first platform, and it can be used to transfer money between bank accounts using a smartphone app.
• UPI is one of the most popular digital financial tools in India. It is used by millions of people to send and receive money, pay for goods and services, and make other financial transactions.

The correct answer is (4) MHRD, Information and Broadcasting Minsitry, Prasar Bharti, IGNOUKey Points

• Gyan Darshan is a 24-hour educational television channel that was launched in 2000 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, Prasar Bharati, and the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).
• The channel is dedicated to providing quality educational content to students and teachers across India.
• The channel's programming includes a wide variety of programs, including:
  • School education programmes: These programmes cover all subjects taught in schools, from primary to secondary level.
  • Teacher training programmes: These programmes provide training to teachers on the latest teaching methods and technologies.
  • Vocational education programmes: These programmes provide training in various vocational skills.
  • Lifelong learning programmes: These programmes provide opportunities for adults to learn new skills and knowledge.
• Gyan Darshan is available on all major cable and satellite platforms in India. It is also available online through the IGNOU website.
• The channel has been a major success and has helped to improve the quality of education in India.
• It has also helped to bridge the digital divide and has made quality educational content accessible to people from all parts of the country.

The correct answer is 'Moon Mineralogy Mapper'.
Key Points

• As specified in the passage, "The highlight of this initiative was the surfacing evidence of water molecules in the lunar soil. This revelation, as obtained via the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, profoundly advanced our comprehension of lunar geology and environmental capabilities."
• The Moon Mineralogy Mapper was an imaging spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-1. It was designed to map the surface mineralogy of the moon.
• The discovery of lunar water was one of the most significant results of the Moon Mineralogy Mapper data.

Therefore, the correct option is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Visible, near Infrared, low and high energy X-rays'.
Key Points

• The passage mentions, "The maiden mission, Chandrayaan-1... emphasized high-resolution remote sensing of the lunar surface across distinct spectrums - visible, near Infrared, low and high energy X-rays."
• The importance of each spectrum - visible, near Infrared, low and high energy X-rays - lies in their ability to provide varied information about the moon's surface.
• A visible light sensor can capture images that are much like what humans would see.
• Near Infrared sensors can measure the heat and have many practical applications in the field of remote sensing, including soil moisture sensing, foliage study, and geological exploration.
• X-ray sensors, both low and high energy, can provide information about the mineral composition of the moon's surface.

Therefore, the correct option is 'Option 3'.

Qualitative research

• It focuses on the study of complex human and social problems in totality, unlike the scientific methods of concentrating on the study of fragmented variables or situations or events.
• It places the main emphasis on the researcher who narrates and interprets phenomena in terms of meanings derived from people's experiences, events, etc. Hence, the human and subjective approach is highlighted.
• The studies are conducted in a natural setting i.e., to observe the events without making any manipulations or controls on variables studied.
• It involves a variety of data gathering techniques and approaches of qualitative nature viz., case study, interviews, dialogues, observations, personal experience, life story, visual data like photography, etc. These data are gathered from a variety of Qualitative Research sources.

Discourse analysis:

• It is an umbrella term for a number of qualitative research approaches that examine the use of language (oral and written texts) in social contexts in helping researchers find answers to their research questions or problems.
• It focuses on language and meanings that are given to texts, for the purpose of creating and shaping knowledge and behavior.
• It is used in various social science disciplines including sociology, anthropology, social work, social and cognitive psychology, communication studies, socio-legal studies, education, management, and organization studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. In discourse analysis, the objects of analysis are varied and may include coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech acts, turns, and gaps.
• Various types of discourse used in various disciplines including those used in politics, the media, education, science, medicine, law, business, etc
• There are some approaches to discourse analysis, such as Speech Act Theory, Interactional Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Pragmatics, Conversational Analysis, Variation Analysis, etc.

Devices for Discourse Analysis:

• Cohesion: Cohesion refers to the ties and connections which exist within texts that link different parts of sentences or larger unit of discourse.
• Coherence: The language users try to come to an interpretation in the scenario of knowledge of the world they possess.
• Parallelism: Parallelism means side by side. In some pieces of literature, some comparisons or contrasts go side by side with each other. They also help to interpreter the whole text.
• Speech Events: Speech events are mainly concerned with what people say in different environment e.g. Debate, interview, discussions, quiz etc are different Speech Events
• Background Knowledge: Background knowledge can be very much helpful in interpreting any text.

Narrative research:

• It can be defined as collecting and analyzing the accounts people tell to describe experiences and offer an interpretation.
• This approach has been used in many disciplines to learn more about the culture, historical experiences, identity, and lifestyle, etc.

Trend analysis:

• A relationship between two quantitative entities is established using trend analysis.
• The future of this relationship is set on the basis of the trend in the past and thus known as trend analysis.
• Trend analysis is based on the idea that what has happened in the past gives traders an idea of what will happen in the future. There are three main types of trends: short-, intermediate- and long-term.

Grounded theory:

• It involves the collection and analysis of data.
• The analysis and development of theories happen after you have collected the data.
• It was introduced by Glaser & Strauss in 1967 to legitimize qualitative research

​Hence, Discourse analysis focuses on language and meanings that are given to texts, for the purpose of creating and shaping knowledge and behaviour.

• University consists of various units and subunits in its academic system.
• There are professors, deans, heads of departments, senior officers, and others.
• These units and subunits help in the integration of various factors ultimately help in the achievement of overall objectives.
• The quality of the academic system is dependent on the most basic unit that is the Board of Studies.

Key Points

Board of Studies:

• It is the building block of the academic system, existing at the right bottom of the tier system.
• It is this basic unit that helps setting up the whole system systematically.

Important PointsFunctions of the Board of Studies:

To monitor and review:

• the existing programme structures,
• course syllabi, vis-à-vis programmes of other Institutes,
• teaching and evaluation methodology,
• market requirement,
• modern trends and update the courses and programmes and
• make suggestions for amendments, if any.

Thus, the basic unit of the academic system of the University is ​the Board of Studies.