Geography: CUET Mock Test - 9 - CUET MCQ

The fourth King of Bhutan, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, created the expression Gross National Happiness in 1972 when he proclaimed, 'Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross Domestic Product'. Bhutan's economic and social policies have been inspired by the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH) since then.

By using their accumulation of knowledge and resources to prepare for variations in climate.

• Local communities can significantly contribute to adapting to climate change by leveraging their traditional knowledge, experiences, and resources.
• This involves understanding the specific vulnerabilities and risks their community faces due to climate change and implementing strategies to increase resilience and reduce those vulnerabilities.
• Actions might include modifying agricultural practices to adapt to changing weather patterns, conserving water, implementing sustainable land management practices, and utilizing early warning systems for extreme weather events.
• Engaging local communities in planning and decision-making processes ensures that adaptation strategies are culturally appropriate and address the community's unique needs and challenges.

The other options do not accurately capture how local communities can contribute to climate change adaptation:

Additional Information

• Option 1, "By relying exclusively on international aid," suggests a passive approach that underestimates the capacity of local communities to actively engage in adaptation efforts using their own resources and knowledge. While international aid can provide essential support, relying solely on it is not a sustainable strategy for adaptation.
• Option 3, "By moving to urban areas to reduce the pressure on rural environments," oversimplifies the complex dynamics of migration and its relationship with climate change. While urbanization trends are influenced by a variety of factors, including climate change, relocating entire communities is not a primary strategy for adapting to climate changes and can introduce new vulnerabilities.
• Option 4, "By resisting any changes to their traditional ways of living," misunderstands the necessity of adaptation. While preserving cultural heritage and traditional ways of living is important, adaptation often requires adjustments to these practices in light of the challenges posed by climate change. Communities can find ways to adapt while also respecting and integrating traditional knowledge and practices.

Prohibiting the use of all motor vehicles

• Adapting to climate change involves practical measures to protect communities and ecosystems.
• The strategies for adaptation mentioned in various sources and expert recommendations often include improving infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, implementing early warning systems to prepare for natural disasters, and enhancing resource management to ensure sustainability under changing conditions.
• Implementing early warning systems for extreme events helps communities prepare for and respond to natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, and droughts, thereby reducing potential damage and loss of life.
• Building flood-proof houses on stilts is a specific adaptation measure that can protect homes from floodwaters, common in areas increasingly prone to flooding due to climate change.
• Improving water management is essential for dealing with the variability in water supply that comes with changing rainfall patterns and extreme weather events, ensuring communities have access to clean water for drinking, agriculture, and sanitation.

Key Points

• Adaptation in the context of climate change refers to the adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts.
• It aims at reducing harm or exploiting beneficial opportunities associated with climate change. This could involve a wide range of actions, including but not limited to, developing drought-resistant crops, building sea walls to protect against rising sea levels, improving water storage and management systems, and designing buildings and infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events.
• The primary goal of adaptation is to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience in the face of the inevitable impacts of climate change, recognizing that despite efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), some degree of climate change will continue to occur due to past and existing emissions.
• Adaptation measures are particularly crucial for developing countries, which are often more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to lesser economic, technological, and institutional capacities to cope with the adverse effects.

They play a vital role in regulating our climate by absorbing carbon dioxide.

Key Points

• Forests and oceans are critical in combating climate change primarily because they act as major carbon sinks.
• Forests absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂), a key greenhouse gas, through the process of photosynthesis, storing carbon in trees, plants, and soil.
• According to sources, healthy forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by acting as carbon sinks, absorbing billions of metric tonnes of CO₂ annually.
• However, when forests are degraded or deforested, not only is their capacity to absorb CO₂ reduced, but the carbon stored in trees is also released back into the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming.
• Similarly, oceans absorb a significant amount of the world's CO₂ from the atmosphere, with microscopic plants in the ocean's surface layer consuming vast amounts of CO₂ for photosynthesis, much like terrestrial forests.
• This process makes the ocean another critical carbon sink in the natural world's effort to regulate the global climate and combat climate change. The dissolved CO₂ is then circulated and stored in the deep ocean, potentially for hundreds of years, thus playing a vital role in controlling the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere and helping to regulate global climate patterns.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero as soon as possible.

• The primary goal of the Paris Agreement signed by world leaders in 2015 is best represented by option 3: "To reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero as soon as possible."
• The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 countries at the climate change conference in Paris in 2015 (known as COP 21).
• The main goal of the agreement is to cut global greenhouse gas emissions with the aim of limiting the increase in global temperatures as much as possible to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while also pursuing efforts to limit temperature increase even further to below 2 degrees Celsius. This is critical to avoid the most catastrophic impacts of climate change.
• The Agreement sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to strengthen countries' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.
• Furthermore, to achieve these long-term temperature goals, the Agreement calls for global greenhouse gas emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognizing that this will take longer for developing countries. After peaking, rapid reductions should follow according to best available science, to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.

It measures geographical areas.
The Survey of India is responsible for measuring the fixed geographical area of administrative units. It does not track revenue collection, deforestation, or non-agricultural land, which are managed by other departments.

Forest area is demarcated by the government, while forest cover is based on tree growth.
Forest area refers to land officially classified for afforestation, while forest cover refers to actual tree-covered land.

Barren and wasteland
Barren and wasteland include deserts, ravines, and hilly terrains that cannot be cultivated with existing agricultural techniques.

Land left uncultivated for over five years.
Culturable wasteland refers to land that has been left uncultivated for more than five years but can potentially be reclaimed for farming.

Livestock fodder
Pastures and grazing land are primarily used for livestock fodder and are often community-owned.

Heavy Industries (A): Require large machinery and high capital (e.g., steel plants, shipbuilding). This matches (1).
Light Industries (B): Produce small consumer goods like electronics or toys with less capital. This aligns with (2).
Cottage Industries (C): Involve handmade, small-scale production (e.g., handicrafts, pottery). This fits (3).
Agro-based Industries (D): Use agricultural raw materials (e.g., sugar from sugarcane, cotton textiles). This corresponds to (4).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-1, (B)-2, (C)-3, (D)-4, making option c) the correct answer.

Ruhr Industrial Region (A): Located in Germany, known for coal and steel industries. This matches (1).
Great Lakes Manufacturing (B): In the USA, around the Great Lakes, famous for automobiles and steel (e.g., Detroit). This aligns with (2).
Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Belt (C): Japan’s major industrial hub, producing electronics and vehicles. This fits (3).
Shanghai Industrial Zone (D): China’s leading manufacturing center, specializing in textiles and electronics. This corresponds to (4).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-1, (B)-2, (C)-3, (D)-4, making option b) the correct answer.

Bauxite (A): The primary ore for aluminium production (e.g., used in aircraft). This matches (1).
Crude Oil (B): Refined into fuels (e.g., petrol) and petrochemicals (e.g., plastics). This aligns with (2).
Cotton (C): Used in the textile industry to make fabrics and clothing. This fits (3).
Timber (D): Processed into paper and furniture (e.g., wooden tables). This corresponds to (4).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-1, (B)-2, (C)-3, (D)-4, making option c) the correct answer.

Availability of Raw Material (A): Industries like sugar mills are located near sugarcane fields to reduce transport costs. This matches (1).
Transport Facilities (B): Ports facilitate import-export trade (e.g., Mumbai port), aligning with (2).
Market Proximity (C): IT companies thrive near large cities (e.g., Bangalore) due to demand and workforce. This fits (3).
Government Policies (D): Tax incentives attract industries to special economic zones (e.g., Gujarat). This corresponds to (4).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-1, (B)-2, (C)-3, (D)-4, making option b) the correct answer.

Trade and Commerce (1): Involves buying and selling goods (e.g., retail stores, wholesale markets). This matches (C).
Transport (2): Movement of goods and people (e.g., freight shipping via trucks or ships). This aligns with (B).
Communication (3): Facilitates information exchange (e.g., mobile networks, internet). This fits (D).
Financial Services (4): Includes banking, insurance, and investments (e.g., banking services). This corresponds to (A).
Thus, the correct pairing is (1)-C, (2)-B, (3)-D, (4)-A, making option d) the correct answer.

(A) Correct – Secondary activities transform raw materials into finished goods, such as steel production or automobile manufacturing.
(B) Incorrect – Manufacturing is a secondary activity, whereas tertiary activities involve services like banking and retail.
(C) Correct – Large-scale industries require significant investment in machinery, labor, and infrastructure.
(D) Incorrect – Cottage industries primarily rely on manual labor and traditional techniques, not advanced machinery.
(E) Correct – By refining raw materials, secondary industries contribute significantly to economic growth and employment.

(A) Correct – Footloose industries, like IT and jewelry making, can be established in any location.
(B) Correct – Agro-based industries use raw materials from agriculture, such as cotton and sugarcane.
(C) Incorrect – Heavy industries produce large-scale products such as steel and machinery, not small consumer goods.
(D) Correct – Iron and steel industries depend on the proximity to coal and iron ore reserves for cost efficiency.
(E) Incorrect – Light industries make non-perishable goods like electronics and clothing.

(A) Correct – Industries need raw materials for production, so they often locate near their sources.
(B) Incorrect – Labor availability affects costs and productivity, making it a significant factor in industrial location.
(C) Correct – Efficient transport systems help industries move raw materials and distribute finished products.
(D) Correct – Government incentives like tax breaks and subsidies attract industries to specific regions.
(E) Incorrect – Industries exist in both urban and rural areas depending on factors like resources and labor.

The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. The left side shows the percentage of population of males, while the right side shows the percentage of population of women in each age group.

The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population. The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative. Australia's age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population. Thus, both the statements are incorrect.

The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. So, we can say bad land is terrain that has become unsuited for cultivation.

The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual/mental abilities such as thinking, imagination, memorisation, learning, reasoning, and making decisions. It includes the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge.

Transhumance is the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer. Transhumance is practiced in those parts of the world where there are mountains, highlands, or other areas that are too cold to be inhabited and utilized for grazing except in summer. An extreme form of transhumance is that of the Kohistanis of the Swāt area of Pakistan, who range between altitudes of 2,000 and 14,000 feet (600 and 4,300 m).

India produces about 19.5 percent of the total groundnut production in the world (2017). It is largely a rainfed kharif crop of dry lands. But, in southern India, it is cultivated during rabi season as well. It covers about 3.6 percent of total cropped area in the country. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra are the leading producers. Yield of groundnut is comparatively high in Tamil Nadu, where it is partly irrigated, but its yield is low in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.Hence, it is the correct answer.

An increase in the population is believed to negatively affect the forest ecosystem. Due to an increase in the population, the requirements for housing and shelter would increase. Since the land available for settlements is limited, land of the forests would be encroached upon to meet the demand for housing. Option 2 is incorrect as it does not highlight this idea. Options 3 and 4 cannot be inferred as negative effects.

As a result of receiving training for a particular set of skills, the most direct and immediate impact would be an increase in productivity. Options 2 and 4 are not direct impacts. These are not dependent on the skills being enhanced through training. Option 3 is a contrary statement, thus incorrect. Only option 1 specifies a result that will be achieved because of better training.

Mumbai is a natural harbour and the biggest port of India. The port is situated close to the general routes from the countries of Middle East, Mediterranean countries, North Africa, North America and Europe where a major share of the country's overseas trade is carried out. The port is 20 km long and 6-10 km wide with 54 berths and has the country's largest oil terminal. M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P. and parts of Rajasthan constitute the main hinterlands of Mumbai port.

The first public railway line was opened in 1825 between Stockton and Darlington in northern England and then onwards, railways became the most popular and fastest form of transport in the nineteenth century.

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) typically has five stages :

1. Stage 1 – High Stationary :

   • High birth rate and high death rate.
   • Population growth is low or stable.

2. Stage 2 – Early Expanding :

   • High birth rate, but declining death rate (due to improvements in health and sanitation).
   • Rapid population growth.

3. Stage 3 – Late Expanding :

   • Declining birth rate (due to factors like education, urbanization, and family planning).
   • Low death rate continues.
   • Population growth starts to slow.

4. Stage 4 – Low Stationary :

   • Low birth rate and low death rate.
   • Population growth is stable or very slow.

5. Stage 5 – Decline (optional/additional stage in modern interpretations) :

   • Birth rate may fall below the death rate.
   • Population begins to decline.

Final Answer: The demographic transition model has five stages.