UGC NET Paper 2 History Mock Test - 7 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is 1954

Panchsheel (Five Virtues):

• They were formally enunciated in the Agreement on Trade between the Tibet region of China and India signed on April 29, 1954 and later evolved to act as the basis of conduct of international relations globally.

These Five Principles are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• Lala Murli Dhar was one of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in 1885.
• Later on during the early twentieth century Indian National Congress organization spread its roots at various places in Ambala District.
• The Sikhs formed the Sikh Sabha in 1880. when the first congress conference was held in Bombay in 1885.
• Lala Muralidhar was the only one from Punjab, a province of 72 followers.
• Lala Murlidhar returned the Rai Bahadur Samman during the non-corporation.
• He is also called the 'great old man of Punjab'.

The correct answer is 64 gates and 570 towers.

Key Points

• Megasthenes was a Greek Diplomat, Historian, and ethnographer whose extensive writings about the cultures of India gave an insight into the lives of ancient Indians during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Seleucid-Mauryan War around 305 BC, Megasthenes became an ambassador for Seleucus I to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra.
• The compilation of Megasthenes’ work is known as Indica.
• According to the writings of the Greek diplomat Megasthenes, Pataliputra, is the capital surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers that rivaled the splendors of contemporaneous Persian sites such as Susa and Ecbatana.

Additional Information

• The capital of the Maurya empire was Patliputra.
• The founder of the Maurya empire was Chandragupta Maurya.
• Chandragupta, with the help of an intelligent and politically astute Brahmin, Kautilya usurped the throne by defeating Dhana Nanda in 321 BC.
• His reign lasted from 321 BC to 297 BC.
• He abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Bindusara, and went to Karnataka with Jain monk Bhadrabahu. He had embraced Jainism and is said to have starved himself to death according to the Jain tradition at Shravanabelagola.

The correct answer is 1 only.​
Key-Points

The main points in the CR (C. Rajagopalachari) Plan was:

• Desai-Liaquat Pact proposed an equal number of persons to be nominated by Congress and the Muslim League in the Central Legislature. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Muslim League did not endorse Rajagopalachari Formula because Jinnah wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of the North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information

CR (C. Rajagopalachari) Plan

• Muslim League to endorse Congress's demand for independence. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at the center.
• After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defense, commerce, communications, etc. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Objections to CR plan:

• Jinnah wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of the North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population.
• He also opposed the idea of a common center.
• While the Congress was ready to cooperate with the League for the independence of the Indian Union, the League did not care for the independence of the Union. It was only interested in a separate nation.
• Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned the CR Plan.

Desai-Liaquat Pact

• There were continued efforts to end the deadlock between the Congress and Muslim League. Bhulabhai Desai (Congress) and Liaqat Khan (Muslim League) came up with the draft proposal for the formation of an interim government at the center, consisting of :
  • The equal number from Congress and League at the center.
  • 20% reserved seats for the minorities No settlement could be reached, but the fact that a sort of parity between the two parties was decided upon had far-reaching consequences.

The pair of 'Lectures on Modern History - Marc Bloch' is not correctly matched.

Key Points

• Ancient Indian Historical Tradition:
  • ​Ancient Indian historical tradition by F E Pargiter is a result obtained from an examination of Puranic and epic tradition as well as the Rigveda and Vedic literature.
  • It includes the study of Puranas and epics for geographical information about ancient India.
• Hinduism and its Sense of History:
  • It has been long taken for granted in the study of Hinduism over the past two centuries that the Hindus lacked a sense of history.
  • This book by Arvind Sharma marshalled evidence to render this assumption, which has had far-reaching consequences, implausible.
• Debates with Historians:
  • This book was written by Peter Geyl.
  • He was a Dutch historian and well known for his studies in early modern Dutch history and in historiography.
• Lectures on Modern History:
  • This book was written by John Dalberg-Acton.

  • It is a survey of modern history from the rise of the modern nation state to the American Revolution.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that the pair of 'Lectures on Modern History - Marc Bloch' is not correctly matched.

The correct answer is iv, ii, iii, i.

Key Points

• Battle of Samel
  • The battle took place in 1544.
  • The battle is fought between Sher Shah Suri and Rao Maldeo.
  • Rao Maldeo was defeated by Sher Shah Suri's general Khawas Khan Marwat.
  • He took possession of Marwar from Amer to Mount Abu in 1544.
• Battle of Dharmat
  • The battle was fought on 15^th April 1658 on the banks of River Narmada.
  • The battle was fought between Aurangzeb and Jaswant Singh on behalf of Shah Jahan's eldest son Prince Dara Shikoh.
  • The battle concluded with the defeat of Maharaja Jaswant Singh by Aurangzeb.
• Battle of Samugarh
  • The battle was fought on 29^th May 1658.
  • The battle was fought between Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
  • The battle concluded with the defeat of Dara Shikoh and the coronation of Aurangzeb as the Mughal Emperor.
  • Dara Shikoh fled with a few hundred horses.
• Battle of Deorai
  • The battle was fought from 12^th to 14^th April 1659.
  • The battle was fought in deorai.
  • The final battle between Dara Sikhoh and Aurangzeb over the succession of the Mughal emperor.
  • The battle concluded with the defeat of Dara Shikoh and his execution.

Hence, the chronological order for the battles which were fought is iv, ii, iii, i.

A Mughal province's administrative division was called Pargana.

Important Points

1. The Ain i Akbari is the third book of the Akbar Nama. The Ain, completed in 1598 was a component of a bigger historical writing effort that Akbar had commissioned.
2. The Ain provides in-depth details of the structure of the court, government, and army, as well as the financial and physical organization of the provinces of Akbar's empire.
3. The third volume, mulk-abadi, discusses the financial aspects of the empire and offers extensive quantitative data on revenue rates.
4. The "Account of the Twelve Provinces" came next. This section contains comprehensive statistical data, including the total measured area, assessed revenue, and the geographic, topographic, and economic profiles of all subas and their administrative and fiscal divisions- sarkars, parganas, and mahals.
5. The Ain first describes the suba level in depth before describing the sarkars below the suba in great detail. This is done using tables with eight columns that include the following details:
   1. parganat/mahal;
   2. qila (forts);
   3. arazi and zamin-i paimuda (measured area);
   4. naqdi, revenue assessed in cash;
   5. suyurghal, grants of revenue in charity; and
   6. zamindars; columns
   7. contain information on the castes of these zamindars, as well as their armies, which included their horsemen (sawar), foot soldiers (fil )

Additional Information

• Peshkash- The Mughal government gathered tribute in the form of peshkash. The peshkash collected from forest dwellers frequently included an elephant herd.
• Jagir- Mansabdars were paid by income assignments known as jagirs, which are similar to iqtas. Contrary to muqtis, however, the majority of mansabdars did not actually live in or manage their jagirs. They were only entitled to the money earned from their assignments, which their employees collected on their behalf.
• Milkiyat- Large private lands known as milkiyat were owned by zamindars. It was cultivated for the zamindars' personal use.

The correct answer is In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.Key Points

• In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 from South Africa.
  • Gandhi ji returned to India after two decades of residence abroad at the request of Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
  • To commemorate this day, January 9 is annually celebrated as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.
• Hence, option 1 is correct.
• ​After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized Satyagraha Movements in various places.
• Mahatma Gandhi organized the satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers at Ahmedabad in the year 1918.
  • The cotton mill workers demanded a 50% wage hike but the Mill Owners were willing to give only a 20% wage hike, to support the Cotton mill workers Gandhi ji made a hunger strike.
  • The result of the Satyagraha was that the strike was successful, and the workers got a 35% wage increase.
• Hence, option 2 is not correct.
• In the year of 1918, Kheda district of Gujarat, was hit by severe drought.
  • According to the rules of revenue, if the yields are less than one-fourth of normal produce then farmers can have remission, but their appeals were being ignored by the government.
  • Gandhi used non-cooperation as a technique and initiated a signature campaign.
  • Finally, the authorities gave some concession to the farmers.
• Hence, option 3 is correct.
• In 1916, the British rulers were forcing many tenant farmers in Champaran in Bihar to grow indigo on their land as a condition of their tenancy.
  • Mahatma Gandhi travelled there at the request of Raj Kumar Shukla and inspired the peasants to struggle against this oppression.
  • His encouragement led to the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, the first Satyagraha movement inspired by Gandhi.
• Hence, option 4 is correct.

Important Points

• Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat.
• He was an Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer.
• He became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India.
• Mahatma Gandhi was known as the Father of the Nation.
• He is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of non-violent protest (Satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.
• He died January 30, 1948, in Delhi, and the day is celebrated as Shaheed Diwas or Martyrs' Day.

Additional Information

• The autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi is titled My Experiments with Truth.
• Important movements led by Mahatma Gandhi:
  • ​Champaran Movement (1917)
  • Kheda Movement (1918)
  • Khilafat Movement (1919)
  • Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
  • Civil Disobedience Movement: Dandi March (1930)
  • Quit India Movement (1942)
• He worked as a journalist and edited 4 journals
  • the indian opinion
  • young india
  • navajivan
  • the Harijan

'Prose of Counter Insurgency' which is regarded as a classic statement of the Subaltern school was written by Ranajit Guha.

Key Points

• Ranajit Guha, the most influential figure in postcolonial and subaltern studies, is also the founding editor of Subaltern Studies.
• Guha’s works have deeply influenced not only the writing of sub-continental history but also historical investigations such as cultural studies, literary theories, and social analyses across the world.
• In his 'Prose of Counter Insurgency' he argued that when a peasant rose in revolt at any time or place under the Raj, he did so necessarily and explicitly in violation of a series of codes which defined his very existence as a member of that colonial, and still largely semi-feudal society.

• A rural uprising turns into a site for two rival cognitions to meet and define each other negativity.

​Hence, we can conclude that 'Prose of Counter Insurgency' which is regarded as a classic statement of the Subaltern school was written by Ranajit Guha.

Additional Information

• David Arnold
  • ​David Arnold was one of the founding members of the subaltern studies group in the 1970s, remembered by Ranajit Guha in 1993 as "an assortment of marginalised academics".
  • Arnold contributed seven articles in total to the publication and co-edited the eighth volume with David Hardiman in 1994.
  • He is also an early contributor to the field of colonial medicine, most influentially Colonizing the Body.
• ​Gayatri Chakrabarty Spivak
  • ​Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a University Professor and a founding member of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.
  • In 1976 Spivak published Of Grammatology, an English translation of French deconstructionist philosopher Jacques Derrida’s De la grammatologie (1967).
• Dipesh Chakrabarty
  • ​Dipesh Chakrabarty is a founding member of the editorial collective of Subaltern Studies, a consulting editor of Critical Inquiry,
  • He also a founding editor of Postcolonial Studies and has served on the editorial boards of the American Historical Review and Public Culture.
  • In his book Provincializing Europe, he addresses the mythical figure of Europe that is often taken to be the original site of modernity in many histories of capitalist transition in non-Western countries.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

Zamindars during Mughals:

• Zamindars were a class of people in the countryside that lived off agriculture but did not participate directly in the processes of agricultural production.
• These were the zamindars who were landed proprietors who also enjoyed certain social and economic privileges by virtue of their superior status in rural society.
• Caste was one factor that accounted for the elevated status of zamindars; another factor was that they performed certain services (khidmat) for the state. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
• The zamindars held extensive personal lands termed milkiyat, meaning property.
  • Milkiyat lands were cultivated for the private use of zamindars, often with the help of hired or servile labour.
  • The zamindars could sell, bequeath or mortgage these lands at will. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.
• Zamindars also derived their power from the fact that they could often collect revenue on behalf of the state, a service for which they were compensated financially.
  • Control over military resources was another source of power.
  • Most zamindars had fortresses (qilachas) as well as an armed contingent comprising units of cavalry, artillery and infantry. Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched.
• Contemporary documents give an impression that conquest may have been the source of the origin of some zamindaris.
• The dispossession of weaker people by a powerful military chieftain was quite often a way of expanding a zamindari.
• It is, however, unlikely that the state would have allowed such a show of aggression by a zamindar unless he had been confirmed by an imperial order (sanad).
• Zamindars spearheaded the colonisation of agricultural land and helped in settling cultivators by providing them with the means of cultivation, including cash loans.
• The buying and selling of zamindaris accelerated the process of monetisation in the countryside.
• In addition, zamindars sold the produce from their milkiyat lands.
• There is evidence to show that zamindars often established markets (haats) to which peasants also came to sell their produce.

The correct answer is Only two ​.

Key Points

• Francisco Pelsaert was a Dutch traveller who visited India during the reign of Jahangir from 1620-1627.
• Father Anthony Monserate visited during the reign of Akbar from 1578-1582.
• Niccolo Manucci was an Italian traveller, who visited during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Additional Information

• Francisco Pelsaert (1591-1630) was the officer of the Dutch East India Company.
  • In 1618 he sailed for the east in the company's commercial service and two years later was posted to India as a junior merchant.
  • After travelling overland from Masulipatam to Surat, he was sent to Agra where he stayed for seven years, meanwhile becoming a senior merchant.
  • He describes that "The common people lived in poverty so great and miserable that the life of the people can be depicted or accurately described only as of the home of stark want and the dwelling place of bitter woe"
  • The Remonstrantie was written at the end of his stay and is essentially a commercial report drawn up for the use of the Company. However, he also gave a description of society, people and the economy.
• Antonio Monserrate (1536‒1600) was a Portuguese priest who accompanied two other priests, Father Rodolfo Acquaviva and Father Francisco Enriquez, on the first Jesuit mission to the court of Emperor Akbar.
  • Monserrate left Goa on November 17, 1579, and arrived at the Mughal capital of Fatehpur Sikri on March 4, 1580.
  • The missionaries had been invited by Akbar and were warmly received at the court.
  • Father Monserrate soon was appointed tutor to Murad, the second son of the emperor.
  • He also accompanied Akbar on his military expedition to Kabul in 1581, proceeding as far as Peshawar with the emperor and to Jalalabad with the rear guard of the Mughal army.
  • Monserrate remained at Akbar’s court until April 1582, when he returned to Goa.
• Niccolo Manucci, a versatile traveller from Venice, Italy, settled in India till his last in Chennai, 1720.
  • Over the time of his stay in India, he worked for the Portuguese, British, and also worked as free agent many times.

The pillar which is referred to in the passage is the iron pillar, which stands in the Jama Masjid in the Qutub Complex in Delhi.

Key Points

• Mehrauli Iron Pillar:
  • The Iron Pillar is located in the Qutub Complex in the area of Mehrauli of Delhi.
  • It is said to have been constructed around 1500 years ago.
  • An inscription on the pillar mentions a king named Chandra, who is most often associated with Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire.

  • It is cited as one of the most remarkable example of the skill of Indian crafts persons.

Thus, the Iron Pillar, which stands in the Jama Masjid in the Qutub complex in Delhi is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Other Important Features of Iron Pillar:
  • The pillar with its solid, slightly tapering shaft stands 7.16 m tall.
  • It is surmounted by an inverted lotus emblem, over which there are three fluted discs (amalakas) supporting a square pedestal.
  • The pillar must have been crowned by a Vaishnava emblem, perhaps a Garuda.
  • It is considered remarkable because of the metallurgical skill required to forge such a long piece of iron, the clarity of its inscriptions after so many centuries, and the fact that it has remained comparatively rust-free, even after so many centuries.

  • It is not certain where the pillar originally stood. Most historians believe it is not in situ.

Fort William College, also called the College of Fort William, was an academy and learning centre of Oriental Studies established by Lord Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India. The court of directors of the British East India Company was never in favour of a training college in Kolkata; hence, there always was a lack of funds for running the college. Subsequently, a separate college for the purpose, the East India Company College at Haileybury (England), was established in 1807.

Lord Minto undertook the Europeanization of higher education by encouraging the study of western sciences and literature.

Sir Thomas Munro, during his tenure as the Governor of province of Madras, implemented Ryotwari system of revenue collection. Lastly, Lord Cornwallis did not favour the entry of missionaries in India.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the first leader of modern India. He was moved by a deep love for his people and country and worked hard all his life for their social, religious, intellectual and political regeneration. He wrote Gift to Monotheists in Persian in 1809 and Precepts of Jesus in 1820, in which he tried to separate the moral and philosophic message of the New Testament, which he praised from its miracle stories.

He had no blind reliance on India’s own past or blind aping of the West. On the other hand, he put forward the idea that new India, guided by reason, should acquire and treasure all that was best in the East and West. He settled in Calcutta in 1814 and soon attracted a band of young men with whose cooperation he started the Atmiya Sabha.

Naamghar is associated with Shankardev.

Key Points

• In the late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva emerged as one of the leading proponents of Vaishnavism in Assam.
• His teachings, often known as the Bhagavati dharma because they were based on the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity, in this case Vishnu.
• He emphasised the need for naam kirtan, recitation of the names of the lord in sat sanga or congregations of pious devotees.
• He also encouraged the establishment of satra or monasteries for the transmission of spiritual knowledge, and naam ghar or prayer halls.
• Many of these institutions and practices continue to flourish in the region.

• His major compositions include the Kirtana-ghosha.

Therefore, we can conclude that Naamghar is associated with Shankardev.

The correct answer is Tall gateway.

Key Points

• A tall gateway visible in front of a Mughal monument is known as a Pishtaq.
• The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as Pishtaq became important aspects of Mughal architecture, first visible in Humayun's tomb.
• In Islamic architecture, a Pishtaq is a rectangular frame around an arched opening, usually associated with an iwan.

• An iwan is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.

Hence, the correct answer is - Tall gateway.

Additional Information

• Mughals brought in Persian style into Indian architecture.
• The Mughals constructed excellent forts, mosques, mausoleums, gardens and cities.
• Some of the main features of Mughal architecture are mentioned below:
  • ​Large halls
  • Very large vaulted gateways
  • Delicate ornamentation
  • Bulbous domes
  • Slender Minarets with cupolas at the four corners

The correct matching of the Mughal Gardens with the the rulers under whose reign the Gardens were built is: I - A, II - B, III - C, IV - D.

Key Points

• Aaram Bagh (Agra):
  • Aaram Bagh was built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in Agra in 1528.​
  • It is the oldest Mughal Garden in India.
• Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar):
  • ​Shalimar Bagh of Srinagar is a Mughal garden linked through a channel to the north-east of Dal lake.
  • The bagh was built by Jahangir for his wife Nur Jahan in 1619.
• Shalimar Garden (Lahore):
  • ​Shalimar Garden in Lahore was built by the Mughal Emperor Shahjahan.
  • It was built in the year 1641-42.
• Pinjore Garden (Panchkula):
  • The Pinjore Gardens at Panchkula were built by the Mughal Governor of Punjab, Fidai Khan, around 1760-61 CE.

  • It was built during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Based on the above discussion, the correct matching is:

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Key Points

• The Gupta Empire (320-550 AD):
  • Srigupta founded the Gupta Dynasty in the 3rd century AD.
    • He took the title of Maharaja.
    • He was the first Gupta king whose name got mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
    • The Poona Copper Plate inscription of Prabhavati Gupta described Srigupta as the Adiraja of the Gupta dynasty.
  • Chandragupta II:
    • ​The Devichandraguptam by Vishakadatta mentioned the surrender of Queen Dhurvadevi to the Shaka ruler by Ramagupta.
      • In opposition to this move, Chandragupta II killed the Shaka ruler as well as Ramagupta.
      • It also mentioned his accession to the throne & marriage to Durvadevi.
        • Hence, statement 2 is correct.
    • Titles adopted: Vikramaditya, Sakari Devagupta, Devaraja, Devashri.
    • Kalidasa, Dhanvantri, Amasimha, Varahmihir, Vararuchi, Shanku, Kshapanak & Ghapkarpar were the Navratnas in his court.
  • Skandagupta (455-467 AD):
    • His Girnar Inscription mentioned the breach at Sudarshana Lake in 455 AD & its repair within 2 months.
    • The Bhittari Stone Inscription mentioned the defeat of Hunas by the Skandagupta.
      • Hence, statement 3 is correct.
    • Titles adopted: Karamaditya, Parama Bhagavat, Shakropama, Devaraja, Vikramaditya.

Additional Information

• Other sources of the Gupta Empire are the following:
  • The Allahabad Inscription: It mentioned an assembly or council known as the Sabha.
    • Samudragupta is compared to Purusha (Supreme Being) in the Allahabad inscription.
    • It refers to three mahadandanayakas (these posts were hereditary by nature.)
  • The Damodarpur Copper Plates:
    • It mentioned Uparikas had high status & rank in the administrative machinery.
    • It mentioned the presence of an Ashtakula-Adhikarana (a board of eight members).
  • The Sanchi Inscription: It mentions the panchmandali, a corporate body.
  • The Vayu Purana, Matasya Purana, Vishnu Purana & Bhagavata Purana give detailed accounts of the Gupta empire.

The correct answer is Subaltern Historiography. Key Points

• Subaltern historiography is a historical approach that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, primarily in South Asia and was developed by scholars like Ranajit Guha and Dipesh Chakrabarty.
• It aims to uncover the experiences and perspectives of marginalized and oppressed groups who have been traditionally excluded or ignored in mainstream historical narratives.
• Range of topics extending in time from the Mughal period to the nineteen seventies:
  • Subaltern historiography is interested in studying the experiences of marginalized groups throughout history, spanning from the Mughal period (16th to 19th centuries) to the 1970s.
  • It recognizes that the subaltern condition is not limited to a specific time period but has persisted over centuries.
• Range of topics in theme from communalism to industrial labour:
  • ​Subaltern historiography examines a wide range of themes.
  • It explores issues related to communalism, which refers to conflicts and divisions between different religious or ethnic communities.
  • It also focuses on industrial labour, considering the experiences of workers and labouring classes in the context of industrialization and capitalism.
• Range of topics in manner from the descriptive to the conceptual:
  • Subaltern historiography employs diverse methodologies and approaches.
  • On one hand, it includes descriptive studies that provide detailed accounts of the lives, struggles, and aspirations of subaltern groups.
  • On the other hand, it also incorporates conceptual analyses that delve into the underlying structures, ideologies, and power dynamics that shape subaltern experiences.
• In summary, subaltern historiography seeks to give voice to the marginalized and oppressed groups throughout history by addressing a wide range of topics, exploring themes such as communalism and industrial labour, and adopting descriptive and conceptual approaches to understand their experiences.

• It challenges dominant narratives and aims to provide a more inclusive and comprehensive understanding of history.

Therefore based on the above discussion, the correct answer is Subaltern Historiography.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Alauddin Khilji’s market reforms were oriented more towards administrative and military necessities than internal restructuring.
  • He adopted a holistic approach to see the reform working properly.
  • Hence, statement I is false.
• That's why he did not control the price of essential commodities only, for those meant for direct use by the military.
  • Instead, he tried to control the price of everything from caps to socks, from combs to needles, vegetables, sweetmeats to chapatis etc.
  • Hence, statement II is true.
• Such widespread centralised control was found to influence every section of the society.
• The rule was enforced so rigidly that no farmer or anyone else could hold back secretly a mound or half a mound of grain and sell it far above the fixed price.
• The Sultan fixed the prices of all commodities from grain to cloths, slaves, cattle etc.
• A controller of market (shahna-i-mandi) intelligence officers (barids) and secret spies (munhiyan) were appointed.

Additional Information

Domestic Policies of Alauddin Khilji:

• He followed the Divine Right Theory of Kingship.
• He impounded pious grants and free grants of lands
• He restructured the spy system.
• He banned social parties and wine.
• He introduced a permanent standing army.
• He started the system of branding of horses and a descriptive roster of individual soldiers to inhibit corruption.
• Revenue was collected in cash and not in kind.
• He followed discriminatory policies towards the Hindus and imposed the Jizya, a grazing tax and a house tax on the Hindu community.

The correct answer is Faqir and Sanyasi Rebellion. Key Points

• The Faqir and Sanyasi Rebellion, also known as the Fakir-Sannyasi Uprising, was indeed not a tribal movement.
• It was a significant socio-religious uprising that took place in Bengal, Bihar, and parts of present-day Bangladesh during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
• The rebellion was led by religious leaders known as Faqirs and Sanyasis, who were primarily Muslim and Hindu ascetics, respectively.
• These individuals were often marginalized by society, living on the fringes and practising a form of renunciation from worldly affairs.
• While some tribal groups did participate in the rebellion, it was not primarily driven by tribal communities or their grievances.
• The uprising was more closely associated with the religious revivalist movements that emerged during that period.
• The Faqirs and Sanyasis aimed to challenge British colonial authority and resist the economic and political changes brought about by British rule.
• They rallied against British taxation policies, land reforms, and the undermining of traditional religious and social structures.
• The leaders of the rebellion, such as Titumir in Bengal and Bhabani Pathak in Bihar, gained a significant following among both Muslims and Hindus who were disillusioned with British rule.
• The movement sought to mobilize the masses, appealing to religious sentiments and a shared desire for freedom from colonial oppression.
• While some tribal groups did participate in the rebellion, they were not the primary driving force behind it.
• The uprising was more of a religious and socio-economic movement that cut across tribal and non-tribal communities alike.

• It is worth noting that the Faqir and Sanyasi Rebellion was one among several popular uprisings that occurred during the colonial period in India, and each of these movements had its own unique characteristics and driving factors.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is Faqir and Sanyasi Rebellion.

• Statement 1 and 2 both are correct.

• Muhtasibs were appointed in all provinces. These officials were asked to see that people lived their lives in accordance with the Shara. Thus it was the business of these officials to see that wine and intoxicants such as bhang were not consumed in public places. They were also r esponsible for regulating the houses of ill repute, gambling dens, etc, and for checking weights and measures. In other words, they were responsible for ensuring that things forbidden by Shara and Zawabits were as far as possible not flouted openly. Hence both the statements are correct.

Aurobindo Ghosh was the founder of extremist thought. His pamphlet ‘New Lamps for the Old’ is regarded as the ‘Bible of Extremism’.

Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar wrote Nibandhamala, a collection of poems with extrimist thought.

Within the Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the Lokmanya was the foremost extremist. He wrote Gita Rahasya.

Lala Lajpat Rai was known as ‘Punjab Kesari’ and he wrote ‘Unhappy India’.

Nagasena was a Sarvastivadan Buddhist sage born in Kashmir and lived around 150 BCE. His answers to questions about Buddhism posed by Menander I, the Indo-Greek king of northwestern India, are recorded in the Milinda Panha and the Sanskrit Nagasenabhiksusutra.

Lord Cornwallis brought in the separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction through the Cornwallis code. He is considered to be the father of civil service. Subsidiary Alliance system was introduced by Lord Wellesley.

In 1893, Sir William Wedderburn entered the British Parliament as a liberal member and sought to voice India’s grievances within the house. In the same year, he formed the “Indian Parliamentary Committee” with Dadabhai Naoroji and other Indian sympathizers.

The Barabar Caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, mostly dating back to the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE). Some of them have  Ashokan inscriptions. They are located in Makhdumpur Block of Jehanabad district , Bihar, India, 24 km north of Gaya.

The caves were used by ascetics from the Ajivika sect, founded by Makkhali Gosala , a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, and of Mahavira, the last and 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. Several rock-cut Buddhist and Hindu sculptures are also present at the site. 

Barabar Hill contains four caves, namely  Karan Chaupar, Lomas Rishi, Sudama and Visva Zopri. Sudama and Lomas Rishi Caves are the earliest examples of rock-cut architecture in India.

Lomas Rishi cave is known for a horse shoe fashion decorated facade.

Megasthenes was a Greek literary who came to India during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. His book 'Indica' is a book that depicts the social and political life of the Mauryan period.

By the end of fourth century BC, there was a serious famine in the Ganges valley leading to a great exodus of many Jaina monks to the Deccan and South India (Sravana Belgola) along with Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya. They returned to the Gangetic valley after 12 years. The leader of the group, which stayed back at Magadha was Sthulabahu. The changes that took place in the code of conduct of the followers of Sthulabahu led to the division of the Jainas into Digambaras (sky-clad or naked) and Svetambaras (white-clad).

1. First Council:- was held at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu in the beginning of the third century BC and resulted in the compilation of 12 Angas to replace the lost 14 Purvas.

2. Second Council:- was held at Valabhi in the 5th century AD under the leadership of Devaradhi Kshamasr-amana and resulted in final compilation of 12 Angas and 12 Upangas.

In 1773, the company became almost insolvent and forced to apply to the British Government for a loan of One Million Pound Sterling. This led to the British government of Lord North to undertake a legislation to meet the situation and provide some form of legal government for the Indian possessions of the East India Company, which resulted in Regulating Act of 1773.