UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 7 - UGC NET MCQ

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete the task. 

Howard Gardner, an American Psychologist, proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. There are different types of intelligence that are independent of each other. Gardner views each individual as a unique combination of various intelligence.

• According to Howard Gardner, “Intelligence is a bio-psychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture”.
• The essence of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (MI) is that each person has eight types of intelligence.

Key Points

Howard Gardner formulated the following types of intelligence:

Hence, it can be concluded that the multiple Intelligence theory of Intelligence was given by Howard Gardener.

Learning is a process of continual adaptation to the environment and assimilation and accommodation of new information and knowledge to fit in with pre-existing knowledge structures. 

Key PointsHere, Shreya is attending Yoga class and learning to perform asanas. She is using muscular co-ordination and physical skills. Psychomotor learning is involved in the given activity.

Psychomotor learning:- 

• Riding a bicycle, stitching, playing badminton, etc are examples of learning which involve muscular co-ordination and physical skills, like eye-hand co-ordination while hitting a ball, or a shuttle cock.
• Learning of skills that have large physical or motor components is referred to as psychomotor learning.
• 'Gross motor skills' include balance, left versus right directionality, and general co-ordination.
• 'Fine motor skills' are specific and differentiated physical skills like eye-hand co-ordination required for writing or stitching and doing precision skills. 

Thus, it is concluded that Psychomotor type of learning is involved in the given activity.

Hint

•  Affective learning:- Fear, love, passion, and dislikes illustrate learning involving emotions and feelings. This type of learning is called Affective learning. Affective learning is largely an outcome of the socio-cultural and emotional atmosphere surrounding us. 
• Discrimination learning:-In the learning of discriminations, the focus is on two or more similar or related concepts to finely outline the differences. If the concepts have been learnt already, comparison and discrimination can follow easily. Discrimination is attained through the comparison of such sets for different, similar, or related concepts. 
• Cognitive learning:- When learning refers to gaining of information, memorization, ability to perceive relationships between different ideas, explaining phenomena in different ways, etc., this type of learning refers to cognitive learning or intellectual learning.

A Quality Circle is a volunteer group composed of members who meet to talk about workplace and service improvements and make presentations to their management with their ideas.

• These are related especially to the quality of output or services in order to improve the performance of the student-teachers and motivate and enrich the work of student-teachers.
• This group carries on continuously as a part of organization-wide control activities, self, and mutual developments, and control and improvement within the workplace utilizing quality control techniques with all the members participating.
• Generally, six to twelve volunteers from the same work area make up a circle. The members receive training in problem-solving, statistical quality control, and group processes.
• Quality Circle generally recommends solutions for quality and services which may be implemented by the management. Thus, Quality Circle is not merely a Suggestion system or a quality control group but extends beyond that because its activities are more comprehensive.

Hence, Students of the school voluntarily coming forward under the guidance of teachers to help the school in management gives the meaning of the quality circle.

Key Points

• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a common framework for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, both now and in the future, 
• It was accepted in 2015 by all United Nations Member States and is set to achieve by 2030.
• This 2030 agenda consists of 17 major Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sub-goals which are an urgent call to action for all nations—developed and developing—in a global partnership
• These 17 Goals stressed that combating poverty and other forms of deprivation requires policies that enhance health and education, lessen inequality, promote economic growth, combat climate change, and fight to safeguard our oceans and forests.
• SDG 04 "Quality Education" list quality education as the fundamental driver that can realize change, especially in developing States. One of the SDG 04 targets is to “substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers by 2030, to address the qualified teacher shortage and to ensure that learners have access to quality primary and secondary education”.

Additional Information 
Here is the list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals

1- No Poverty

2- Zero Hunger

3- Good Health and Well Being

4- Quality Education

5- Gender Equality

6- Clean Water and Sanitation

7- Affordable and Clean Energy

8- Decent work and Economic Growth

9- Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

10- Reduced Inequalities

11- Sustainable Cities and Communities

12- Responsible Consumption and Production

13- Climate Action

14- Life Below Water

15- Life on Land

16- Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

17- Partnerships for the Goals

Multidisciplinary environment

A multidisciplinary environment means that people from different disciplines work together, each drawing on their disciplinary knowledge.

Interdisciplinary environment

Interdisciplinary is when integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines, using a real synthesis of approaches.

Key Points 

The teacher is the interpreter and the imparter of knowledge that leads to all other professions. Hon'ble Supreme Court of India constituted a report in 2012 on teacher education that was titled "Vision of Teacher Education in India: Quality and Regulatory Perspective" which was commonly referred to as Justice Verma Commission.

The major recommendations made by Justice Verma Commission on teacher education were as follows:-

• The government must increase its investment in the institutional capacity of teachers and teaching institutions to reduce the acute shortage of teachers.
• A transparent procedure of testing must be conducted for pre-service teachers to pursue the teacher education program.
• Teacher education must be made part of the higher education system.
• The duration and term of the teacher education program must be improved.
• It is recommended that the new teaching education institutions must be located in a multi and interdisciplinary environment.
• It put forward the need to set up a national-level academic body for the continuous reflection and analysis of the teacher education program.
• Existing teacher education programs should be redesigned according to the recommendations put forward by (NCFTE-2009) and other related sources. 

Thus, option 3 is correct.

Hence, we can conclude that Justice Verma Commission(2012) recommended that teacher education Institutions must be located in a multi and interdisciplinary environment.

Benjamin Bloom developed a taxonomy or classification of educational objectives. These objectives were divided into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. In real life behavior from all three domains occurs simultaneously. For example, when students are writing (psychomotor), they are also remembering or recalling (cognitive), and they are likely to have some emotions or feelings (affection) towards the task.

The Cognitive Domain:

• ​​It is also known as the thinking domain.
• Initially, the six basic objectives in Bloom’s taxonomy are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

​1. Knowledge

• Knowledge is defined as the remembering of previously learned material.
• This may involve the recall of a wide range of material, from specific facts to complete theories, but all that is required is bringing to mind the appropriate information.
• Knowledge represents the lowest level of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain.

2. Comprehension

• Comprehension is defined as the ability to grasp the meaning of the material.
• This may be shown by translating material from one form to another word to numbers, by interpreting material explaining or summarizing, and by estimating future trends predicting consequences or effects.
• These learning outcomes go one step beyond the simple remembering of material and represent the lowest level of understanding.

3. Application

• Application refers to the ability to use learned material in new and concrete situations.
• This may include the application of such things as rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws, and theories.
• Learning outcomes in this area require a higher level of understanding than those under comprehension.

4. Analysis

• Analysis refers to the ability to break down the material into its component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood.
• This may include the identification of parts, analysis of the relationship between parts, and recognition of the organizational principles involved.
• Learning outcomes here represent a higher intellectual level than comprehension and application because they require an understanding of both the content and the structural form of the material. 

5. Synthesis

• ​Synthesis refers to the ability to put parts together to form a new whole.
• This may involve the production of a unique communication theme or speech, a plan of the operations research proposal, or a set of abstract relations schemes for classifying information.
• Learning outcomes in this area stress creative behaviors, with major emphasis on the formulation of new patterns or structures.

6. Evaluation

• Evaluation is concerned with the ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose.
• The judgments are to be based on definite criteria.
• These may be internal criteria organization or external criteria and the student may determine the criteria or be given them.
• Learning outcomes in this area are highest in the cognitive hierarchy because they contain elements of all the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based on clearly defined criteria.

Hence, we can conclude that knowledge is regarded as the lowest level of the cognitive domain because it is included remembering.

The correct answer is Paulo Freire.

Key Points

• Paulo Freire was a Brazilian educator and philosopher who is best known for his work on critical pedagogy.
• His book, The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, is considered to be one of the most important texts in the field of education.
• Freire's work is based on the belief that education should be used to liberate people from oppression.
• He proposed a new approach to education that he called critical pedagogy, which is based on the belief that students should be taught to critically analyze the world around them and to identify and challenge the forces that oppress them.
• Freire's work has been influential in many parts of the world, and his ideas have been used to develop educational programs for oppressed groups such as peasants, workers, and women.

​ Additional Information

• Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist who is best known for his work on communism.
• Erich Fromm was a German philosopher and psychoanalyst who is best known for his work on the human condition.
• Lenin was a Russian revolutionary and politician who was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the first head of state of the Soviet Union.

Concept maps are useful tools to help students learn about their knowledge structure and the process of knowledge construction.

• It is a visual representation and organization of the relationship between concepts. It helps the student learn, how to learn (meta-learning).

Key PointsThere are theories to support that concept mapping plays an important part in the learning process. Let’s dive into David Ausubel’s, an American psychologist who provides the explanation for conceptualizing concept mapping in education.

• He views that to learn meaningfully, students must relate new knowledge (concepts, propositions, rules, principles) to what they already know.
• He proposes the notion of an ‘advanced organizer’ as a way to help students link their ideas with new material or concepts. Similar to concept mapping. 
• Advance organizers can be verbal phrases, a graphic, a model, or a question. In any case, the advance organizer is designed to provide, what cognitive psychologists called “mental scaffolding” to learn new information.  
• Concept mapping requires the learner to operate at all six levels; knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, evaluation, and creation (synthesis) of Bloom’s educational objectives of the cognitive domain.
• The theory claims that new concepts to be learned can be incorporated into more inclusive concepts or ideas. These more inclusive concepts or ideas are advanced organizers.

Thus, it can be concluded from the above points that Concept Mapping is the derivative work of David Ausubel's work.

Adult education, more accurately defined, begins where vocational education leaves off. Adult education offers some, who were not privileged, a last chance to learn.

Key Points
Goals of adult education -

• Everyone should engage in lifelong learning.
• Adult education and continuing training efforts must be effective and flexible. They must support good job opportunities for individuals, good competitiveness in enterprises, and high employment and prosperity in society.
• Adult education and continuing training must provide everyone with opportunities to improve competencies - not least those with the lowest level of formal education.
• Adult education is aimed to increase the quality of education for an individual and make them realize their potential through self-realization.
• Adult education and continuing training must reflect changes in the qualification requirements and needs of the labor market.

Therefore, the major goal of adult education is to increase the quality of life of an individual and realize his/her potential for self-realization.

Additional Information 
Characteristics of adult education -

• Adult education is purposive: It (adult education) has a definite purpose specific to the given context. Without purpose, it does not have any existence.
• It is community-specific: Adult education is community-based and assumes great significance in a particular context(s), and it need not be equally relevant to other communities in similar contexts.
• It is culture-specific: The nature, objectives, and types of adult education required for adults would vary from culture to culture.
• It is need-based and problem-solving: Adult education takes into account the dominant needs and prevalent problems of the communities and aims at addressing them in effective ways.
• It is participatory: It involves adults at different levels and stages of planning, implementation, and evaluation of adult education activities meant for their progress, development, and welfare.
• It is flexible and relevant: In many respects, adult education incorporates the element of flexibility so that the adults would feel at home and comfortable to acquire an education that has relevance to their living, working, and development.
• It is action-oriented: Adult education is not simply education for the sake of education. Education for action is the motto if adults have to act for transforming their own situations or conditions.
• It is dynamic, change-oriented, and transformative: Adult education is very dynamic and, change-oriented, primarily aimed at bringing in the social, economic, political, and cultural transformation of the adults, their society, and nation.

The Correct answer is University and Research Section, UK Library Association.

Refer to these Lines;

• In 1949 the three-stage user education programme proposed by the UK Library Association's University and Research Section was a landmark. ​

Key Points

• This passage highlights key developments in the history of user education in libraries:
  • 1850s - US Librarians: During this period, librarians in the United States began instructing patrons on how to use the library effectively.
  • 1870s - Samuel Green's Reference Desk: Samuel Green attempted to establish a reference desk in a public library, recognizing the importance of assisting library users seeking reference services.
  • 1920s - Louis Shores Library-College Movement: Louis Shores contributed to the library-college movement in the 1920s, emphasizing the integration of library services with academic institutions.
  • 1960s - Patricia Knapp's Montieth College Programme: Patricia Knapp introduced the Montieth College program in the 1960s, focusing on specific educational programs related to library services.
  • 1949 - UK Library Association's Three-Stage User Education Programme: In 1949, the UK Library Association's University and Research Section proposed a three-stage user education program, marking a significant milestone in the development of library education.
  • S.R. Ranganathan's Role of Intermediary: S.R. Ranganathan emphasized the role of an intermediary, envisioning a user-friendly reference librarian to assist patrons effectively.
  • Historical Assessments: Scholars like Boon Fjallbrant, Stevenson Hopkins, Roberts, Blandy, and others have conducted extensive historical assessments, contributing to the understanding of the evolution of user education in libraries.

Key Points

• Human capital - Human capital consists of the knowledge, skills, and health that people invest in that accumulate throughout their lives, enabling them to realize their potential as productive members of society.
• Cost-effective Analysis - Cost-effective analysis is a way to examine both the cost and health outcomes of one or more interventions.
• Economic Rate of Return - Economic rate of return provides a single metric showing how a project's economic benefits compare to its costs. 
• Cost-benefit Analysis - Cost-benefit analysis is a systematic method for quantifying and then comparing the total costs to the total expected rewards of undertaking a project.

Thus, option 4 is correct.

Hence, we can conclude 

To listen is to give attention to sound or action. When listening, one is hearing what others are saying, and trying to understand what it means. The act of listening involves complex affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes.

The ability to accurately receive as well as interpret messages during a process of communication is known as listening. Listening skills hold the key to effective communication.

The following elements make up for a good listener:

1. Concentration: 

• Concentration along with the use of other senses and not merely hearing the words that are spoken is essential for effective listening.
• The listener should focus on the speaker and concentrate on what the speaker is trying to communicate by putting other things like feelings, thoughts, and biases out of his/her mind. 
• Staying away from mobile phones and other such distractions during important conversations can help individuals to be better listeners and cement better relationships with those speaking.

2. Desire To Understand: 

• “The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood.
• The best way to understand people is to listen to them.” - Ralph G. Nichols. A genuinely curious individual is likely to be a good listener.
• Curiosity not only leads to good discussions but also great ideas and execution since the receptivity to what others have to share is better.

3. Humility:

• Good listening requires humility. 
• In order to be good listeners, individuals must put the focus for the moment on someone else and take themselves out of the equation completely.
• Humility is paramount for this.
•  Compassion, humility, and a sincere willingness to serve another person are essential elements to being a good listener.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

1. Deflecting attention will result in poor concentration. Concentration is one of the most important elements of effective listening.
2. Excessive emotional involvement can be an obstacle in communication. For example, extreme anger can create such an emotionally charged environment that a rational discussion becomes impossible.
3. Ignoring the other side results in prejudices and biases which affect the quality of listening. Good listening requires humility.

Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing involves studying the spontaneous behavior of participants in natural surroundings. The researcher simply records what they see in whatever way they can.

With this in mind, here are 10 primary goals to accomplish as you plan for life in the next 10 years.

• Marriage and Family Harmony. 
• Proper Mindset and Balance. 
• Commitment to Improved Physical Health. 
• Career Passion and Personal Satisfaction. 
• Develop Empathy and Gentleness. 
• Financial Stability.
• Service and Social Responsibility.

A budget is a financial plan for a defined period, often one year. It may also include planned sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Companies, governments, families and other organizations use it to express strategic plans of activities or events in measurable terms.

Alfred Binet gave the 'single-factor theory' of intelligence. Explanation: Alfred Binet was a 'French psychologist' who developed the intelligence test which is used very often is considered as the most widely used test for intelligence.

In Panel Discussion a few people with different backgrounds and experiences discuss a thing while others listen.

Key Points

Swami Vivekananda:

• He was a philosopher and spiritual leader who believed that education was not just about acquiring knowledge, but about the manifestation of the perfection already present in human beings.
• He defined education as "divine perfection already existing in man".
• He believed that every individual has the potential to become perfect and that education is a means of realizing this potential.
• According to Vivekananda, education is not just a process of imparting information, but a process of self-realization. He believed that education should focus on developing a person's character, values, and inner qualities, in addition to imparting knowledge and skills.
• In his view, education should help individuals to understand their true nature, to cultivate their strengths, and to overcome their weaknesses.
• Vivekananda's philosophy of education was influenced by the teachings of Vedanta, which emphasize the oneness of all things and the infinite potential of the human spirit.
• He believed that education should be holistic, encompassing the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of the individual. His ideas on education have had a significant impact on the development of education in India and around the world.

Hence the correct answer is Swami Vivekananda.

Key Points
Conflict theory:

• Conflict theory is a social theory that views society as a system in which various groups are in constant conflict over power, resources, and status. Conflict theory posits that society is composed of groups that have competing interests, and that social change is the result of struggles between these groups. Conflict theory is rooted in the works of Karl Marx, who developed the theory of economic determinism.
• According to Marx, social conflict arises from economic inequality and the struggle for control over the means of production. He believed that the economic system shapes all aspects of society, including culture, politics, and social relationships. Marx argued that the capitalist system is inherently exploitative, as the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie) use their power to extract surplus value from the labor of workers (the proletariat). Marx believed that the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would eventually lead to a revolution in which the workers would seize control of the means of production and establish a socialist society.
• In summary, conflict theory is also known as the theory of economic determinism because it emphasizes the role of economic factors in shaping society and views economic inequality as the root cause of social conflict.

Additional Information
Functionalist theory:

• Functionalist theory, also known as functionalism, is a social theory that views society as a system in which each part plays a role in maintaining the stability and functioning of the whole. Functionalist theory posits that each aspect of society serves a specific function, and that social change occurs through the gradual adaptation of institutions to new circumstances. Functionalist theory was developed by sociologists such as Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton.

Behaviorist theory:

• Behaviorist theory, also known as behaviorism, is a psychological theory that emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior. Behaviorist theory posits that behavior is learned through the reinforcement of specific stimuli and responses, and that behavior can be changed through the use of positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorist theory was developed by psychologists such as Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner.

Theory of capitalism :

• Theory of capitalism refers to the economic system in which private individuals or corporations own and control the means of production, and in which the production and distribution of goods and services is based on the principles of supply and demand. Capitalism is characterized by the accumulation of wealth, the pursuit of profit, and the exploitation of labor. The theory of capitalism is not a social theory per se, but rather an economic theory that has been the subject of much social and political debate.

Hence it is clear that Conflict theory is also known as Theory of economic determinism.

The purpose of an assessment for learning is to provide feedback to both the teacher and student regarding the student’s progress towards achieving the learning objective(s).

Key Points

Assessment is a process of collecting, receiving, and using data for improvement in the learning process.

• The main purpose of assessment is to help to identify gaps in student's learning and what remedial measures should be appropriate to reduce the learning gaps of the students that are needed to be taken for continuing or improving their learning. 
• It gathers data during the learning process when the class progresses through a unit of study to determine a student’s knowledge and skills, including learning gaps.
• Provide feedback about the work the students have completed using the atlas and provide ideas for adjusting, rethinking, and articulating their learning.
• Child's ability of disability, strengths, and weakness and working according to those.
• Changing the teaching approach according to the learner's needs.
•  It informs students about what they have done well, where they have had difficulty, and what they need to do differently to improve their work.
• It expects students to make errors and directs them to examine these errors to improve their learning.
• It also measures the achievement in learning and decides if the student should be promoted to the next class.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the A, B, and C statements are correct regarding assessment. 

SWAYAM Prabha programme aims to offer 34 High-Quality Educational Channels via DTH. 

Key Points

• It offers curriculum-based instruction in a variety of subjects.
• Primarily intended to increase access to high-quality educational materials in rural locations where internet access is still an issue.
• NPTEL, IITs, UGC, and other sources give the contents.
• Channel 04 SWAYAM Prabha is also known as SAARASWAT. 
• It Cover Education, Psychology, Home Science and related subjects. 

Thus, the SAARASWAT of SWAYAM Prabha deals with social sc. and education, Psychology, and Home Science.

Additional Information

• All Channels of Swayam Prabha are Uplinked with Gandhinagar. 
• The web portal is maintained by the INFLIBNET Centre.

Leadership, a function of management refers to the act or art of motivating people in order to achieve a common goal. In a business context, it means directing subordinates, workers, or colleagues to meet the company's needs.

Key Points 

The managerial grid is a leadership style ideal developed by American management theoretician Robert R. Blake and theorist Jane Mouton in 1964

• Blake Mouton's Managerial Grid of Leadership is basically a behavioral leadership model where behavioral leadership theories are developed by scientifically reviewing the behaviors of leaders and their effects of them on the personnel and environment.
• From the view of ‘concern for people and ‘concern for production’ this managerial grid model indicates different types of leadership styles. With the effective and efficient implementation of this grid model, organizations’ managers can detect how they with respect to their concern for production and people.
• Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid Model was one of the most significant management models and it also provided the groundwork for even more complex contingency approaches to leadership.
• The importance of internal and external bounds, matter, and scenarios is ignored by the model.
• More aspects of leadership can be covered in the managerial grid.

Hence, we can conclude that the Managerial Grid theory of leadership explains the crucial relationship between productivity and concerns for employees.

Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. It includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts.

Key Points

 Educational psychology

• Educational psychology is the study of how people learn, including teaching methods, instructional processes, and individual differences in learning.
• It explores the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social influences on the learning process.
• It recognizes that teaching and learning process is actually the result of a human relation to beyond a merely cognitive process.
• The field of educational psychology incorporates a number of other disciplines, including developmental, psychology, behavioral, and cognitive psychology.
• It works with educators, administrators, teachers, and students to analyze how to help people to learn best.
• Educational psychology has been influenced by a number of philosophers, psychologists, and educators. Some thinkers who had a significant influence include William James, Alfred Binet, John Dewey, Jean Piget, and Benjamin Bloom.

Thus, option 2 is correct.

Hence, Educational Psychology recognizes that teaching and learning process is actually the result of a human relation to beyond a merely cognitive process.

John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He is regarded as one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century.

"There is only one happiness in this life, to love and be loved." "There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage." "A flower cannot blossom without sunshine, and man cannot live without love." "When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time."

The diversity of philosophical conclusions shows Strength.

In 2017, Pakistan's total literacy rate was around 59 percent, with less than 47 percent of women being literate and more than 71 percent of men. In Pakistan, women's education is in dire need of improvement, and so far, the number of illiterate women has not decreased - on the contrary, it has been going up for years.

All financial transaction of the school occurring from day to day is entered inCash Book.

Empiricism stresses the fundamental role of experience and as a doctrine in epistemology it holds that all knowledge about the world is ultimately based on experience.
The term Empiricism is sometimes used to denote
A theory of reality which claims that only particular things are real
General notions are only abstract names to refer to many similar particulars.
It is the philosophy of knowledge by observation.
It holds that the best way to gain knowledge is to see hear touch or otherwise sense things directly.
It holds that this is the only kind of knowledge that really counts.
Precision
A measurement system is said to be precise if the observed values are in close proximity to each other.
It means extensive and detailed description including instrument validity and reliability.
Definition: The observed values must lie within a small distance from each other.
Precision is a function of the standard deviation of the data that has been observed. The less the standard deviation the more precise the measurement system is.
Characteristics:
Repeatability:Repeatability is the ability of a system to produce measurements that are in close proximity to each other when the same person measures it using the same equipment. Reproducibility
Reproducibility is the ability of the system to produce consistent measurements when different operators are using different equipment to measure it
Parsimonious explanation
The law of Parsimony advocates choosing the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. It means reduce complex realities to simple explanation of phenomena
Characteristics:
Purpose - it aims to solve a problem by investigating it and providing actionable evidence.
Scientific rigor - the research methodology has to be designed so as to attempt to disprove the hypothesis in every way possible (experiments estimation post-estimation tests etc. ). If it cannot be disproved then can say with confidence that the evidence corroborates with the theoretical framework.
The hypothesis should be testable - you should be able to logically test whether your theory is empirically supported by data.
The findings should be applicable - that is the findings should be consistent across the board when the research is carried out multiple times in similar circumstances
Verification: Results can be confirmed or revised in subsequent research
According to Oxford: The process of establishing the truth accuracy or validity of something.