RSMSSB Librarian Grade-III Paper 2 Mock Test- 4 - RPSC RAS (Rajasthan) MCQ

The correct answer is Cataloguing.

Explanation

• The Canon of Prepotence emphasizes concentrating the potency to determine the position of an entry in a catalog, particularly in the leading section and the entry element.
• The goal is to prioritize the most potent part of bibliographical information, ensuring accurate recording for effective arrangement.
• Here are some implications in cataloguing:
  • Main Entry: CCC: Fully respects this canon by assigning individual numbers to every work of every author, concentrating potency in the main entry.
    • AACR-2R: Potency is not entirely concentrated in the leading section, as the main entry is author-based. The overflow into the title section may occur.
  • Cross Reference Entry: The leading section of Cross Reference Entry has limited potency, with a significant overflow into the third section, violating the canon.
  • Subject Analytical in Dictionary Catalogue: Subject analytical entries in a dictionary catalog may not fully respect the canon of prepotency, as potency distribution might not align with this principle.
  • Class Index Entry and See/See Also Subject Entries: ​Class Index Entry fully satisfies the canon, concentrating all potency in the leading section. Dictionary catalogs also tend to adhere to this principle.
  • Book Index Entry and Name & Title Entries: ​CCC and AACR-2R: Generally adhere to the canon, although there may be exceptions such as government publications in AACR-2R.
• Overall, the Canon of Prepotence aims to guide the arrangement of entries by prioritizing the most potent information in cataloging, ensuring efficient and accurate organization.

The correct answer is 2016.
Explanation
BIBFRAME:

• BIBFRAME (Bibliographic Framework) aims to transform bibliographic description standards into a linked data model, enhancing the utility of bibliographic information within and beyond the library community.
• BIBFRAME was designed to replace MARC standards.
• Library of congress released in Nov. 2012 BIBFRAME.
• Version 2.0 was released in 2016.
• The national library of Sweden was the first to introduce a full transition to BIBFRAME in 2018.
• In BIBFRAME 2.0, information is structured into three primary levels of abstraction:
  • ​Work: At the highest level, a Work encapsulates the conceptual essence of the cataloged resource, including authors, languages, and subjects.
  • Instance: A Work can have one or more material embodiments, known as Instances, representing specific published forms. Instances include details like publisher, publication date, and format.
  • Item: An Item represents an actual copy (physical or electronic) of an Instance, providing information such as location, shelf mark, and barcode.
• In BIBFRAME 2.0, additional essential concepts are introduced with relationships to the core classes:
  • Agents: Agents encompass individuals, organizations, jurisdictions, etc., linked to a Work or Instance through roles like author, editor, artist, photographer, composer, or illustrator.
  • Subjects: A Work can be associated with one or more concepts it is "about." These concepts, known as "subjects," include topics, places, temporal expressions, events, works, instances, items, agents, etc.
  • Events: Events refer to occurrences that might constitute the content of a Work, and their recording can be a part of the Work.

The Correct answer is ​Free Indexing Language.

ExplanationFree Indexing Language:

• In free indexing language any term, not only from the document, can be used to describe the contents of documents.
• Indexing is ‘free’ in the sense that there are no constraints on the terms that can be used in the indexing process.
• Free language indexing is distinct from natural language indexing in that natural language indexing is constrained by the language of the document being indexed; free language indexing does not even recognize these constraints.
• Free language indexing may be conducted by humans or computers.
• However successful, free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of an individual indexer.
• Computerized free language indexing is, for all practical purposes, the same as natural language indexing.

Other Related Points

• Natural Indexing Language:
  • This relies on the natural or ordinary language of the document being indexed, where any term present in the document can be used as an index term.
  • Natural language indexing typically depends on terms found in the abstract or title of a document and may involve statistical analysis or human judgment to select relevant terms.
• Controlled Indexing Language:
  • ​Controlled indexing languages involve the use of approved terms to describe documents, with indexing terms determined by a person according to a predefined list.
  • There are two types: alphabetical indexing languages and classification schemes, both used across various contexts in libraries and information systems.

The correct answer is Alerting Service.
Explanation

• Current Content is a type of Alerting Service.
• Alerting Services are designed to notify users about new information or updates in their field of interest.
• These services are essential for keeping users up-to-date with the latest developments and research in specific areas.
• Examples of Alerting Services include email alerts, RSS feeds, and notification systems in digital libraries.
• These services help in maintaining the relevance and timeliness of the information accessed by users.

Other Related Points

Abstracting Service:

• An Abstracting Service provides summaries of documents and publications.
• These summaries help users to quickly understand the main points and content of the original documents.
• Abstracting Services are often used in academic research to save time and improve efficiency.

Indexing Service:

• An Indexing Service helps in organizing and categorizing information for easy retrieval.
• It creates an index that allows users to find documents based on keywords or subjects.
• Indexing is crucial for library management and database systems.

Reference Service:

• A Reference Service assists users in finding specific information and answers to their queries.
• It often involves personal interaction with a librarian or information specialist.
• Reference Services can be in-person, online, or via telephone.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Explanation

• President of India Smt. Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the unique "Festival of Libraries 2023" organized by M/o Culture to Promote the Development and Digitization of Libraries.
• Festival of Libraries 2023’, was a two-day event to be held on 5th - 6th August 2023 at Hall No. 5 Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
• Addressing media persons, Sh. Arjun Ram Meghwal said, "The Festival of Libraries 2023 celebrates knowledge and imagination.
• This festival is a part of the second phase of the 'Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav'
• The festival will also mark the launch of a special ranking system for libraries across India.
• Shri Arjun Ram Meghwal unveils the schedule of, “Festival of Libraries” 2023.
• Noteworthy highlights include
  • the launch of a crowd-sourced Directory of Libraries.
  • the signing of a Tripartite MoU between three prominent libraries: Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library, Patna; Rampur Raza Library, Rampur; and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Arabic Persian Research Institute, Tonk, for long-term collaborative events, the commencement of celebration of 250 years of the Rampur Raza library,
  • Launch of the Sassy Library Series.

The Correct answer is A subject shares all the characteristics that a segment possesses.
Explanation
Characteristics of a Subject:

• A subject possesses all the characteristics that a segment possesses.
• A subject is identified by a name, a notation, or a symbol.
• The name can be composed of a single keyword like physics, or a set of keywords like solid-fuel rocket engine
• The name of a subject is a noun that at times can have one or more qualifiers or modifiers.
• The word or words that denote a subject can act as a subject heading.
• The name of a subject can be made up of a single keyword (e.g., Physics) or a combination of keywords, forming a more specific designation for the subject (e.g., Organic Chemistry).

The Correct answer is to Create separate entries for each author.
Explanation
Law of Impartiality: This law prescribes „that between two or more claimants-say, for use as heading – the preference of anyone should be made only on sufficient grounds, and not arbitrarily.
​Implications:

• For books written by two joint authors both the authors have an equal right for being chosen as a heading.
• For a book having an alternative title, an alternative title entry is prepared. In the same manner in the case of multiple series, this law directs that all series should get equal rights for being given as a series.

The Correct answer is A and B.

ExplanationHistory of DDI:

1995: First SGML Codebook Committee, constituted by ICPSR Director Richard Rockwell, meets in Quebec City Members develop a draft list of codebook elements.

1996:First DTD prepared at University of Michigan Library. An SGML DTD was produced by David Barber and John Brandt (University of Michigan), Ann Green (Yale University), and the DDI Committee.

• First Working Draft of XML (eXtensible Markup Language) published.

2001:

• Formal DDI evaluation takes place, funded by NSF. Evaluators praise the effort.
• Funding received from Health Canada during 2001-2002. Covers costs of meetings until Alliance established.
• Working group on aggregate data meets in Voorburg. Group develops a proposal for DDI coverage of aggregate/tabular data.
• First DDI Training held at IASSIST in Amsterdam. Bill Block and Wendy Thomas lead the workshop on "Creating DDI Compliant Codebooks" (ppt). Presentation archived.

2003:

• Final meeting of original Committee held in Washington, DC.
• DDI Alliance established with Tom Piazza, UC-Berkeley, Chair. View “About the Specification” from original Alliance Web site, March 2007.
• DDI Alliance Steering Committee meets for the first time.
• DDI 2 published DDI now covers aggregate data and geography.
• Expert Committee meets for first time in Ann Arbor. Committee discusses transition from DTD to Schemas; New working groups on Structural Reform and Substantive Issues formed.

2013:

• DDI RDF Discovery and XKOS vocabularies released for public review.
• First NADDI Conference Held in Lawrence, KS.
• DDI Membership/Scientific Board Meets in Cologne, Germany. Transition to new governance structure discussed.
• First DDI Executive Board (successor to Steering Committee) meets with Gillian Nicoll, Australian Bureau of Statistics, as Chair.
• DDI “Sprints” launched to work on model-based DDI.
• Fifth EDDI Conference held in Paris, France.

2020:

• ​Public release of DDI Lifecycle 3.3.
• Public review of DDI-Cross Domain Integration (DDI-CDI) -- an application of the model that emerged from DDI 4.
• DDI Bylaws amended to improve the structure and organization of the Scientific Board.
• Public release of Structured Data Transformation Language (SDTL), an independent language for representing data transformation commands in statistical analysis packages, such as SPSS, Stata, SAS, R, and Python.
• Twelfth EDDI Conference held virtually.
• DDI signed a letter of collaboration with CODATA, the Committee on Data of the International Science Council.

2022: DDI Registry, a free service for DDI users to obtain permanent agency identifiers, updated.

The Correct answer is Subject headings lists are primarily used in pre-coordinate indexes, while thesauri are designed for post-coordinate indexes.
Explanation
Thesauri and subject headings lists serve as tools for controlling vocabulary, but they are applied in distinct contexts.
The key characteristics that set them apart are outlined below:

• Subject headings lists cater to the requirements of pre-coordinate indexes, while thesauri are tailored for post-coordinate indexes.
• Thesauri typically feature terms that are more precise compared to those found in traditional subject headings lists.
• Thesauri usually avoid inverted terms, such as 'Psychology, Children.'
• Thesauri offer a more comprehensive display of relationships between terms compared to traditional subject headings lists.
• Some widely used subject headings lists, such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings and Sear's List of Subject Headings, have transitioned to a thesaurus format in their latest editions, highlighting existing relationships between terms.
• While the relationships between terms are extensively documented in a thesaurus, they are often not transferred to indexes in many cases.
• Conversely, dictionary catalogs typically incorporate 'See' and 'See also' references to connect related subject headings.

The Correct answer is Appraisal function.
Explanation
Functions of Reference Services:

• ​American Library Association in 1942 categorized functions of Reference Services as a series of library job analyses.

ALA has stated the following six functions of Reference Service:

• Supervisory Function:
  • This function consists of the proper organization of facilities, reference section, selection of reference materials, direction and guidance of personnel and staff, and study of the library clientele.
  • It all includes the management of reference sources and preparatory functions.
• Instructional Function:
  • ​The Reference librarian should instruct the readers about the workings of the library, the location of the material, the use of the online catalogs, and the reference sources online and in physical format.
  • An initiation or orientation program should be arranged to acquaint the readers with the library practices and procedures.
• Informatory Function:
  • ​There should be a Reference and Information Desk with modern facilities like computers and mobile devices where inquiries and information requirements are received and routed to the proper section.
  • The reference librarians should be prepared to answer all types of questions and should be able to produce the & sources that would answer the questions immediately.
  • The reference librarian needs to use social media tools to answer the queries of users.
• Guidance Function:
  • ​The Reference Librarian's responsibility is to provide necessary guidance for the maximum use of the library and collection.
  • The Reference librarian should be able to recommend a good reference source for the respective fields.
  • They should be able to give guidance to the readers regarding the subject area, career-related information, or profession or vocation.
  • Reference Librarian also guides its users with the location of the document, the choice of material, and other reading and learning materials.
• Bibliographic Function:
  • ​The reference section or department prepares bibliographies for the easy search of the documents.
  • A reference librarian is always in contact with researchers and other readers makes them aware of the latest literature and provides a bibliography if required by the readers.
• Appraisal Function:
  • ​Reference librarian conducts an evaluation program of the effectiveness and quality of the reference work, reference services, and reference staff.
  • An appraisal is applied to know the use of the collection and the service. Reference librarian and reference staff should evaluate their own services also.

The correct answer is Mediation Agent (MA).

ExplanationSoftware Agents Architecture and UMDL:

• The University of Michigan Digital Library Project (UMDL) employs a proprietary architecture to support a federation of loosely-coupled digital library collections and services, centered around software agents based on object technology.
• These highly encapsulated software modules represent elements of a collection or service, each with specific capabilities.
• They can dynamically collaborate to handle complex tasks like sophisticated search requests.
• Software agents are classified into three main types:
  • User Interface Agent (UIA): Mediates user access by converting queries and interactions into a form other agents can understand. UIAs create and maintain user profiles to aid in search support and delivery of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) services.
  • Collection Interface Agent (CIA): Facilitates access to collections, including full-text documents, websites, and multimedia objects. CIAs provide the registry with detailed descriptions of each collection's content, structure, and indexing systems. They describe search syntax and access protocols for collections.
  • Mediation Agent (MA): Manages tasks that support the system, such as directing users to collections based on queries or profiles. MAs only communicate with other agents and include types like registry agents (managing the registry) and remora agents (providing SDI services). They also maintain activity statistics, with Task Planner Agents handling task management.

• Communication between these software agents is conducted using a proprietary language developed by UMDL, known as the Conspectus Language.

The Correct answer is Continued on the next card.

Explanation

• According to AACR-2R the main entry is ‘the complete catalogue record of an item, presented in the form by which the entry is to be informally identified and cited.
• The main entry may include the tracings’
• Only one main entry is prepared for each document.
• In the dictionary catalogue author of the book is given importance, hence main entry is prepared under the author of the book or its substitute.

Structure:

• In the usual catalogue entry on a catalogue card, there are the following 8 sections (data elements) of the main entry of a dictionary catalogue:
  • Call Number Section
  • Heading Section
  • Title and Imprint Section
  • Physical Description and Series Note
  • Note Section
  • International Standard Book Number
  • Accession Number
  • Tracing
• Above all these sections are recorded on the front portion of the catalogue card.
• However, if there is no space for tracing on the front portion, it can be continued or given on the back of the main entry card, giving the word over on the right-hand side of the main card.
• However, if there is no space for transcribing any other section of the main entry except tracing, the phrase Continued on the next card is recorded on the righthand side of the main entry card and the remaining sections are recorded on a new card/continued card.

The correct answer is (A) - (iv), B - (iii), C - (ii), D - (i)

Explanation

• British Museum Code (1841):
  • ​The earliest code of cataloging which has exerted considerable influence over the subsequent codes is Panizzi‟s 91 rules printed as prefatory matter in the British Museum Catalogue of 1841.
  • Sir Anthony Panizzi (1797-1879) with his
    two associates- J Winter Jones and Edward Edwards formulated the first version of the famous 91 rules in 1837, was accepted in 1839, and was published in 1841.
  • The latest 1936 edition contains only 41 rules.
• Cutter’s Rules (1876):
  • ​In 1876 Charles Ammi Cutter‟s Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue (RDC) containing 205 rules was published.
  • The latest 4th edition was published in 1904 from
    Washington. This edition contains 369 rules.
  • Henry A. Sharp has evaluated this code as „the first code of complete cataloging practice for every kind of entry in a dictionary catalog‟.
• AACR-1 (1967):
  • ​It was prepared by the ALA, The Library of Congress, The Library Association (London) & The Canadian Library Association.
  • . It was edited by Seymour Lubetzky from 1956-62, and Mr. C Sumner Spalding completed the work in 1962-65.
  • AACR-1 is based on the „Statement of Principles‟ adopted by the ICCP in 1961 with certain significant departures.
• AACR-2 (1978):
  • ​It is prepared by ALA, The British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, The Library Association, and the Library of Congress
  • It is edited by Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winkler. ​

Other Related PointsOther Cataloguing codes;

• Charles C. Jewett Code (1852)
• The Prussian Instructions (1899)
• Dziatizka Code (1886)
• Anglo-American Code (1908)
• Vatican Code (1931)
• ALA Rules (1949)
• Classified Catalogue Code, Ed 5 (1964)
• AACR-2R (1988)
• RDA (2010)

The Correct answer is Stanford University.

Explanation

• The LOCKSS ("Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe") project, under the auspices of Stanford University.
• It supports an open-source system allowing libraries to collect, preserve and provide their readers with access to material published on the Web.
• Its main goal is digital preservation.
• The system attempts to replicate the way libraries do this for material published on paper.
• It was originally designed for scholarly journals.
• It includes the SOLINET project to preserve theses and dissertations at eight universities.
• A similar project called CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS) not-for-profit organization.
• CLOCKSS runs on LOCKSS technology.

Other Related Points

CLOCKSS:

• CLOCKSS, an acronym for "Controlled Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe," is a collaborative initiative involving top research libraries and academic publishers.
• Established in 2006 as an extension of LOCKSS, CLOCKSS operates as a financially secure and independent non-profit organization with 501(c)(3) status, overseen by a board comprised of libraries and publishers.
• It is an electronic depository in which Librarians of the participating institutions have the right to put their words in managing the depository.
• CLOCKSS serves as an advanced version of LOCKSS, designed to provide a sustainable dark archive for safeguarding web-based scholarly content in the long term.

Digital Object Management System (DORIA):

• ​DORIA, a national project of Finland established by the Helsinki University Library, focuses on collecting and preserving digital collections from universities and polytechnics in Finland.
• DORIA’s core task is to permanently preserve national publications for future generations and researchers.

The Correct answer is (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)

Explanation

• Portico
  • Portico, initiated by JSTOR in 2002 to address the inclusion of electronic journals in the JSTOR archive, builds upon the groundwork laid by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's E-Journal Archiving Program in 1999.
  • The project commenced with a pilot phase involving academic libraries and 10 publishers to grasp technological and business intricacies and develop a model aligning with scholarly publishing and academic community needs.
  • Its mission is to safeguard scholarly literature published electronically, ensuring perpetual accessibility for future generations of scholars, researchers, and students.
• Invenio
  • Invenio is an open-source software framework designed for large-scale digital repositories, primarily used for the management of digital assets in institutional repositories and research data management systems.
  • It is often employed in open-access repositories for scholarly and published digital content, as well as for digital library systems.
  • Invenio was initially developed by CERN, with contributions from both individual and organizational external contributors.
  • Prior to July 1, 2006, the software was known as CDSware, then it was renamed CDS Invenio, and now it is recognized as Invenio.
• Hathi Trust
  • The HathiTrust Digital Library, established in October 2008, serves as a collaborative repository for digital content from various research libraries.
  • It includes digitized material from initiatives such as Google Books and the Internet Archive, along with locally digitized content by libraries.
  • Initially founded by twelve universities of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and eleven libraries of the University of California, the partnership has grown to encompass over 60 research libraries in the United States, Canada, and Europe.
  • The governance structure is collaborative, and the costs are shared among participating libraries and consortia.
  • Administered by the University of Michigan, HathiTrust's executive director is Mike Furlough, succeeding founding director John Wilkin in 2013.
• PRONOM
  • PRONOM is an online technical registry of information about digital file formats, software products, and other technical components needed for digital preservation.
  • It is maintained by The National Archives of the United Kingdom.
  • PRONOM includes data on software products and the file formats they can read and write.
  • PRONOM serves as a resource for anyone seeking reliable information about software products, their support lifecycles, technical requirements, and the file formats they support.

The Correct answer is Readers' Advisory.

Explanation

• Readers’ Advisory (RA) service involves suggesting reading material tailored to readers' preferences, thereby fostering reading habits and enhancing library engagement.
• Originating in the late 19th century America alongside the rise of public libraries, RA initially focused on providing reading material for self-education rather than leisure.
• Librarians emphasized guiding readers from fiction to non-fiction.
• However, by the early 1980s, patrons' reading preferences took precedence, making RA an integral part of library services.
• Saricks’ (2005) definition of RA highlights its evolved nature: “A successful readers’ advisory service is one in which knowledgeable, nonjudgmental staff help fiction and nonfiction readers with their leisure-reading needs”.
• Librarians must possess broad genre knowledge and understand readers' needs.
• RA interviews are essential, as readers often provide limited information initially.
• Effective RA is likened to a matchmaking service, where librarians provide reading suggestions likely to be enjoyable.

Other Related Points

• Research Consulting:
  • ​Research consulting involves assisting library users in finding relevant information for academic or personal research purposes.
  • This can include helping users navigate databases, suggesting search strategies, and locating appropriate resources such as books, articles, or online materials.
• Library Instruction:
  • ​Library instruction, also known as information literacy instruction, involves teaching library users how to effectively find, evaluate, and use information resources.
  • This may include workshops, classes, or one-on-one sessions covering topics such as database searching, citation styles, and evaluating the credibility of sources.
• Ready Reference:
  • ​Ready reference services provide quick and concise answers to patrons' questions, often on-the-spot or through brief interactions.
  • Librarians use ready reference resources such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, almanacs, and other reference materials to provide accurate and reliable information without extensive research or in-depth analysis.

The Correct answer is the First edition was published in 1891.

Explanation

• The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) comprises a thesaurus of subject headings.
• The United States Library of Congress maintains it.
• It was first published in 1898.
• It is a controlled vocabulary used in bibliographic records.
• It has over 270,000 usable headings and over 490,000 headings that are used for cross-referencing.
• LCSH is used in cataloging.

Explanation

• Translation services play a crucial role in spreading information, knowledge, and ideas across the world by bridging language barriers.
• These services help in translating books, articles, research papers, and online content into multiple languages, making them accessible to a global audience.
• They enable effective communication between individuals and organizations from different linguistic backgrounds, fostering international collaboration and understanding.
• Translation services are essential in various fields such as education, business, healthcare, and government, ensuring that crucial information reaches diverse populations.
• With the advent of the internet and digital technologies, online translation tools and services have become more widespread, further enhancing the dissemination of knowledge globally.

Other Related Points

• Directory
  • Directories are collections of contact information, addresses, and other details. They are useful for finding specific people or organizations but do not inherently spread knowledge or ideas.
• Photography
  • Photography captures visual information and can convey powerful messages, but it is not primarily used for spreading knowledge and ideas across different languages and regions.
• Reprography
  • Reprography refers to the reproduction of documents and images, typically through photocopying or digital printing. While it aids in disseminating printed material, it does not translate or adapt content for global audiences.

The correct answer is the Shelf list card.

Explanation

• The Three-Card System:
  • The Three Card System is a method introduced by Ranganathan. In this system, three different cards of the size 5" X 3" are maintained for each periodical. They are called the Register Card, the Check Card, and the Classified Index Card.
  • Register Card: This is intended to record information about the name of the periodical, the name of the supplier, the periodicity, the order details, the annual subscription, the payment details, details of issues received, etc.
  • Check Card: The Check Card is the most important contribution of this system. It contains columns for volume and number, due date, details of reminders, etc. A check card will be prepared for each of the periodicals ordered. These cards will then be arranged in a tray behind Guide Cards indicating the expected week of their receipt.
  • The Classified Index Card: This card shows the volumes available in the library in the case of each periodical. It also gives details about the supplements, cumulative indexes, etc of the periodical.

The Correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true.

Explanation

• A thesaurus is a structured list of words grouped based on similarity in meaning, providing synonyms, antonyms, and related terms.
• It helps users find alternative words or phrases to express their ideas more effectively.
• Thesauri are often hierarchical, meaning that terms are organized into broader and narrower categories.
• On the other hand, a taxonomy is a classification system that organizes concepts or items into hierarchical categories or classifications.
• Taxonomies are used to systematically organize and classify information, making it easier to search, retrieve, and navigate through large datasets.
• While taxonomies may include synonyms or related terms, their primary focus is on categorizing and organizing content.
• So, while thesauri and taxonomies both involve hierarchical structures, they differ in their primary purposes: thesauri focus on providing alternative terms, while taxonomies focus on categorizing and organizing concepts or items.

The Correct answer is (III), (I), (II), (IV)

Explanation

• ​N - List:
  • The National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content (N-LIST), launched in 2010 as an NME-ICT funded project have graduated to be a college component of UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium.
  • This project enables cross-subscription to e-resources between the two consortia, allowing universities to access INDEST-AICTE resources and technical institutions to access UGC-INFONET resources. Additionally, colleges gain access to selected e-resources.
  • Operated from the INFLIBNET Centre, the N-LIST Project provides authorized users from colleges and beneficiary institutions with access to e-resources.
• Shodhganga​
  • It is the reservoir of Indian theses.
  • It is maintained by the INFLIBNET center.
  • It is the Digital Repository of Indian electronic theses and dissertations established in 2011.
  • By 2022, as many as 544 universities in India have signed MoUs with the INFLIBNET Centre to participate in the Shodhganga project.
  • The word Shodh originated from Sanskrit meaning research and discovery.
• e - Shodhsindhu
  • e-ShodhSindhu, established in December 2015 following the amalgamation of three consortia—UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, NLIST, and INDEST-AICTE Consortium—continues to provide extensive access to a collection of over 10,000 core and peer-reviewed journals, including those accessible through NLIST.
  • The consortium also grants entry to various bibliographic, citation, and factual databases spanning diverse disciplines, sourced from multiple publishers and aggregators, available to member institutions.
  • Catering primarily to centrally-funded technical institutions, universities, and colleges falling under the 12(B) and 2(f) sections of the UGC Act, e-ShodhSindhu facilitates broad access to valuable academic resources.
• Shodh-Chakra:​
  • Shodh-Chakra, initiated by the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre under the guidance of the University Grants Commission (UGC), aims to support the academic community throughout their research lifecycle.
  • The Shodh Chakra initiative was launched virtually on Tuesday, May 10, 2022.
  • This platform offers a dedicated space for researchers, guides/supervisors, and universities to effectively manage the research journey of scholars.
  • Operating as a digital workspace, Shodh-Chakra enables researchers to collect, store, organize, and cite their research work.
  • The platform facilitates the creation of researcher profiles and the management of preferences.
  • To access the portal, the university needs to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the INFLIBNET Centre, providing valid information about the researcher and supervisor.

The Correct answer is (d), (a), (c), (b)

Explanation

• Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, London:
  • ​In the summer of 1948, the Royal Society of Great Britain hosted a Scientific Information Conference in London from June 21 to July 2.
  • The impetus for this conference stemmed from a recommendation put forth by the Royal Society Empire Scientific Conference in 1946, suggesting that the Royal Society arrange a conference involving libraries, societies, and institutions responsible for publishing, abstracting, and information services.
  • The primary aim was to explore potential enhancements in the existing methods of collecting, indexing, and distributing scientific literature, alongside extending current abstracting services.
  • The Joint Chairmen of the Conference were Sir Edward Salisbury and Sir Alfred Egerton, serving as Joint Secretaries of the Royal Society.
  • The sections and their respective editors-in-chief were as follows:
    • Section I: Publication and Distribution of Papers Reporting Original Work Editor-in-chief: Professor J. D. Bernal, F. R. S.
    • Section II: Abstracting Services Editor-in-chief: Sir David Chadwick
    • Section III: Indexing and Other Library Services Editor-in-chief: Dr. J. E. Holmstrom
    • Section IV: Reviews, Annual Reports, etc. Editor-in-chief: Professor H. Munro Fox, F. R. S.
• ​International Study Conference on Classification, Dorking:
  • ​The "Proceedings of the International Study Conference on Classification for Information Retrieval," held at Beatrice Webb House, Dorking, England, from May 13th to May 17th, 1957, presents a comprehensive record of the principal addresses, discussions, conclusions, and recommendations from the conference.
  • The publication serves to disseminate the insights and outcomes of the conference, providing wider access to its contents.
  • During the event, Ranganathan delivered an opening address centered around the theme "Library Classification as a Discipline."
  • The recommendations of this conference dealt with:
    • Scope of classification;
    • Schemes of classification;
    • Need for research;
    • Use of classification schemes;
    • Differences between systems;
    • Construction and application of schemes;
    • Notation for such visually scanned systems as the card catalog;
    • Machine systems;
    • Research projects;
    • A general scheme for classification;
    • Development of classification schemes; and
    • Furtherance of. Research.
• International Study Conference Classification Research, Elsinore:
  • ​The second International Study Conference on Classification for Information Retrieval (ISCCR) occurred in Elsinore, Denmark, from September 14th to 18th, 1964.
  • During this event, Ranganathan provided the presidential address titled "Library Classification Through a Century."
  • The papers presented at the conference were categorized into five main areas:
    • the general theory of classification,
    • research in mechanized classification, s
    • elected and special schemes,
    • evaluation techniques, and
    • directions for future work.
• International Study Conference on Classification Research, Bombay:
  • ​The third International Study Conference on Classification for Information Retrieval (ISCCR) took place in Bombay from January 6th to 11th, 1975.
  • The recommendations of this conference centered on;
    • General aspects of designing ordering systems for global information networks;
    • Use of empirical methods and theoretical models for signing ordering systems for global information networks;
    • Systems evaluation;
    • Interdisciplinary contents;
    • Education;
    • Needs and
    • problems of developing countries.

Other Related Points

• The fourth ISCCR was held in Augsburg, Germany, during June 28 - July 2, 1982.
  • The theme of the conference was "Universal Classification, Subject Analysis and Ordering Systems.
• ​The fifth ISCCR was held in Toronto, Canada during June 24-28, 1991.
  • The theme of the conference was "Classification Research for Knowledge Representation and Organization".
  • The papers presented at this conference fall into three broad Categories:
    • General Principles and Policies;
    • Structure and Logic Classification; and
    • Empirical Investigation.
• The sixth ISCCR was held at University College, London, on June 16-19, 1997 on the topic "Knowledge Organisation for Information Retrieval".
  • The University College, London, ASLIB, Classification Research Group (CRG), and the International Society for Knowledge Organisation (ISKO) sponsored this conference.
  • The themes discussed in this conference were:
    • Role of classification in information management;
    • Classification research for retrieval of information published electronically;
    • Automatic methods of classification;
    • Researcher and the real world;
    • Tools for classification and classification as a tool; and
    • Data modeling.

The Correct answer is A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I.

Explanation

Other Related Points

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)

• The 23rd edition of DDC is released in May 2011 for the USA and in July 2011 for the rest of the world.
• It was first published in 1876 by Melvil Dewey.
• The DDC is published by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center)
• Pheonix Schedule is part of DDC since the 16th Edition.
• Standard Subdivision was introduced in the 17th Edition.

In Edition 23 of DDC, there are six tables:

• Table 1: Standard Subdivisions;
• Table 2: Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Biography;
• Table 3: A-C Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Forms;
• Table 4: Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families;
• Table 5: Ethnic and National Groups Table 6 Languages.
• Table 6: Languages.

The Correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true

Explanation

• Assertion(A): The decimal notation used in DDC refers to the principle of dividing each class into ten sub-divisions and each of these sub-divisions into another ten sub-divisions and so on.
  • ​The decimal notation used in DDC refers to the principle of dividing each class into ten sub-divisions and each sub-divisions into another ten sub-divisions.
  • This feature in DDC equipped it with a tremendous capacity for expansion to accommodate minute sub-divisions without the necessity of relocation.
  • The first edition of DDC stopped with the division at the third place, though it continued, as suggested by Dewey, to a fourth or fifth place, if necessary, in the catalogue.
  • The pure simplicity (f notation soon won popularity for the scheme.
• Reason(R): One of the objections to classified catalogues and systematic arrangement had been the problem of knowing just where to look for a book. Dewey solved this problem 'in the shape of the relative index.
  • ​One of the objections to classified catalogues and systematic arrangement had been the problem of knowing just where to look for a book.
  • Dewey solved this problem 'in the shape of the relative index.
  • His relative index showed exactly where to find a given topic. Another advantage of the relative index was that it showed those aspects of a subject, 'Which the systematic order scattered throughout the scheme.
  • Yet another advantage of Dewey's relative index was that it also listed the synonyms in many cases.

The correct answer is Appendix - J

Explanation

• RDA (Resource Description and Access): This is a set of guidelines and standards for cataloguing and managing bibliographic information in libraries and other institutions.
• Appendix J: This appendix specifically deals with the relationships between Works, Expressions, Manifestations, and Items (WEMI).
• Works: Intellectual or artistic creations.
• Expressions: The specific form that a work takes, such as text, music, image, etc.
• Manifestations: The physical embodiment of an expression, like books, recordings, etc.
• Items: The single exemplar of a manifestation, such as a particular copy of a book.

Other Related Points

• Appendix - A
  • General Information: This appendix deals with abbreviations and symbols used within the RDA.
  • Usage: It provides guidelines for creating standardized abbreviations and symbols to ensure consistency in cataloguing.
• Appendix - I
  • General Information: This appendix includes guidelines for recording relationships between persons, families, and corporate bodies.
  • Usage: Essential for cataloguing the creators and contributors to works and their relationships to each other.
• Appendix - K
  • General Information: This appendix deals with guidelines for recording relationships between subjects.
  • Usage: Important for subject cataloguing, ensuring that the relationships between subjects are clearly defined and recorded.

The Correct answer is Syntax.

Explanation

• Indexing languages, like natural languages, comprise three essential components: controlled vocabulary, syntax, and semantics.

Controlled vocabulary:

• Controlled vocabulary, either verbal or coded, forms the foundation of an indexing language.
• Verbal controlled vocabularies are employed in subject heading lists and thesauri, while coded vocabularies are utilized in classification schemes.
• Some indexing languages, such as Thesaurofacet and Classaurus, incorporate both verbal and coded controlled vocabularies.
• The selection of terms is prioritized over coding, with coding being applied subsequently.

Syntax:

• Syntax in indexing languages refers to the rules or grammar governing the arrangement of terms within subject headings or classification notations.
• Due to the compound nature of many subjects, syntax plays a crucial role in organizing terms effectively.
• The order of terms, determined by syntax rules, is essential for conveying accurate subject meaning.
• Additionally, relational symbols or indicator digits may be employed to express relationships between terms, compensating for the lack of auxiliary elements found in natural language.

Semantics:

• Semantics in indexing languages involves the systematic study of how meaning is structured, expressed, and understood.
• Semantic relationships, such as equivalence, hierarchical, and associative relationships, are integral to indexing languages.
• The hierarchy of terms contributes to their meaning, and semantic relationships are independent of specific documents.
• The syntactical rules of an indexing language aid in resolving the meaning of terms within subject headings by considering context.

The correct answer is a and b.

Explanation

• Project SAILS® (Standardized Assessment of Information Literacy Skills) began in 2001 at Kent State University intending to develop a standardized test of information literacy skills that would allow libraries to document skill levels for groups of students and to pinpoint areas for improvement.
• The project was completed in 2006. Carrick Enterprises is responsible for the operation of Project SAILS.
• Project SAILS is knowledge test with multiple-choice questions targeting a variety of information literacy skills.
• These test items are based on the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education.
• The SAILS test offers universities and colleges a method for testing the information literacy skills of their students.

The correct answer is Option 2: A - 2, B - 3, C - 1, D - 4.

Explanation

• A - line-by-line item budget (2): The items of expenditure are divided line by line into broad categories.
  • This type of budget provides detailed information about each expense, facilitating better control and monitoring.
• B - Programme budget (3): Does not estimate the expenditure based on the individual items.
  • This type of budget focuses on the allocation of funds to different programs or projects rather than individual items.
• C - Formula budget (1): Predetermined standards are applied for the allocation of money.
  • This budget uses a specific formula to distribute funds, often based on criteria such as population or performance metrics.
• D - Performance budget (4): Expenditure is based on the performance of the activities.
  • This type of budget links the allocation of funds to the outcomes and efficiency of the activities being funded.

Other Related Points

• Zero Based Budgeting
  • ​The preparation of the Library Budget without considering the previous year's budget is known as Zero Based Budgeting.
  • It was developed by Peter Phyrr in the 1970s.
  • It is also known as Start from Scratch Budget.
• Performance Budget
  • It is based on the relationship between program funding levels and expected results.
  • It reflects both the input of resources and the output of services.
  • It reflects the estimated expenses and revenues of the libraries.
• Program Budget​​
  • It is the Budgetary presentation designed to display its program activities.
  • It gives the detailed costs of every activity or Program that is to be carried out with a given budget.
  • It was developed by US President Lyndon Johnson.
• Formula Budget
  • ​Use of Mathematical Formulas to determine the capital required to produce a given output.
  • It was developed by Eric A. Hanushek.​
• Line Item Budget:
  • ​The most commonly used budgeting method is the line item budget, which consists of a list of individual expenditure items.
  • These items typically include salaries, material costs, equipment, contingencies, and more.
  • The specific items listed can vary from one organization to another.
• Lump Sum Budget:
  • ​In this approach, the authorities allocate overall funds to the parent organization of the library.
  • From this allocation, a specific portion is designated for the library, typically as a percentage of the total budget.
  • The library must then operate within this allotted amount.
  • While it may seem like a lump sum in the parent organization's budget, library professionals are responsible for the detailed allocation of these funds to various aspects of the library.
  • This budget preparation process is more focused and at a lower or micro-level compared to the parent organization's macro-level budgeting.

The Correct answer is Artificial Intelligence.

Explanation

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines.
• These machines are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions, such as learning and problem-solving.
• AI systems can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.
• AI is used in various applications, including autonomous vehicles, medical diagnosis, and financial forecasting.
• There are two main types of AI: Narrow AI (designed for specific tasks) and General AI (which can perform any intellectual task that a human can do).
• Key technologies in AI include machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning.

Other Related Points

• Cognitive System
  • A cognitive system is a broad term that refers to systems designed to simulate human thought processes.
  • These systems are often used in conjunction with AI but are not synonymous with it.
  • Cognitive systems can include elements of AI, but they also involve other technologies like data mining and pattern recognition.
• Classification System
  • A classification system is used to categorize data into predefined groups or classes.
  • It is a specific application within the broader field of AI and machine learning, particularly used in data analysis and pattern recognition.
• Robotic System
  • A robotic system involves the design, construction, operation, and use of robots.
  • While AI can be a part of robotic systems, not all robotic systems are designed to perform cognitive functions.
  • Robotics focuses more on physical tasks and automation, often used in manufacturing, healthcare, and other industries.