RSMSSB Librarian Grade-III Paper 2 Mock Test- 3 - RPSC RAS (Rajasthan) MCQ

The Correct answer is D, A, C, E, B.
Explanation
Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems (IRS):

• An Information Retrieval System (IRS) aims to provide users with documents or answers to their queries.
• Evaluation is a diagnostic activity to understand the system's performance, revealing its strengths and weaknesses, social benefits, and economic aspects.
• A thorough evaluation helps identify ways to improve the system, making it an investment for the future.

The evaluation of an IRS involves several key steps:

• Define Scope: Clearly define the purpose and scope of the evaluation before designing and executing the evaluation program.
• Design Evaluation Program: Create a design that aligns with the defined objectives and purpose. The success of the evaluation depends on choosing an appropriate design.
• Execute the Program: Collect, organize, and analyze data, then draw conclusions.
• Analyze and Interpret Results: Analyze the conclusions and interpret the results.
• Modify the System: Based on the evaluation results, make necessary modifications to the information system.

The Correct answer is the Hierarchical Model.

Explanation

• Hierarchical Model:
  • ​Utilizing tree structures to depict record relationships, this model features a one-to-many relationship from parent to child records.
  • For instance, an institute offers several programs, each with multiple courses, and each course has numerous students.
  • The root is the highest level, and this model efficiently represents hierarchical data, such as recipes or document structures.
  • Initially prominent in IBM's IMS and now in XML document organization, it excels in real-world relationship representation.

Other Related Points

• Linear Sequential Model: Also known as a flat structure, this model uses a simple two-dimensional array to store data elements without hierarchy. It's essentially a list or table, exemplified by a class list containing only STUDENT NUMBER and NAME.
• Network Model: Created to address hierarchical model limitations, the network model employs records and sets to support many-to-many relationships, reducing data redundancy. Records contain fields, while sets define one-to-many relationships between them. A record can be an owner or member in multiple sets, offering more flexibility than the hierarchical model.
• Relational Model: Introduced in 1970 for application-independent database management, this model uses relations (tables), attributes (columns), and domains (attribute value sets). Each table row (tuple) represents an entity instance (e.g., an employee), with columns detailing attributes (e.g., name, address). Multiple tables interlinked through common values facilitate complex queries via Structured Query Language (SQL).

The Correct answer is ​A, B, C and D
Explanation
Lancaster [1979] considers that an Information Retrieval System (IRS) comprises the following components:

• the document selection sub-system
• the indexing sub-system
• the vocabulary sub-system
• the searching sub-system
• the sub-system of interaction between the user and the system (i.e., user interface)
• the matching sub-system, that is, the system that matches the document representations against the user requirements.

All the above mentioned sub-systems are utilised in the performance of the following activities:

• information resource building,
• database creation and maintenance, and
• Information retrieval and dissemination.

The Correct answer is 5 parts.
Explanation
The ISBN is divided into 5 parts, which are:

• Prefix Element: (currently either 978 or 979)
• Registration Group Element: (identifies the country, geographical area, or language area)
• Registrant Element: (identifies the publisher)
• Publication Element: (identifies the specific edition and format of a particular title)
• Check Digit: (a single digit at the end of the ISBN that validates the ISBN)

The correct answer is New Jersey.
Explanation
Newark Charging System:

• It was introduced by John Cotton Dana in the "Public Library of Newark" of New Jersey State in the United States of America around 1900.
• This is a popular and widely practiced system of issuing and returning documents in libraries, known as Newark Charging Systems.
• Its positive attributes include accurate files, conveniently located at the circulation desk by patron's name, due date, and call number.
• It can also generate accurate statistical reports and accommodate different loan periods.
• It set the stage for associating patron information to items through the loan transaction and the eventual use of transaction numbers.

Benefits of Newark Charging System:

• There is a permanent record of the number and type of books circulated and the kind of books borrowed by each reader.
• Since the transaction is recorded both on the borrowers' card as well as on the book cards the danger of dislocation is minimal.
• The borrowers can be allowed to borrow books from any branch library of a larger library system, provided there is a central registration file at the main library where an alphabetically arranged copy of all branch registrations is available.

The Correct answer is Ibid.

Explanation

• Ibid is an abbreviation of the Latin term "ibidem," which means "in the same place."
• It is used in citations to refer to the immediately preceding source.
• Ibid is particularly useful in footnotes or endnotes to avoid repeating the same citation multiple times.
• This term is commonly used in academic writing and publications to maintain a clear and concise reference system.
• When using Ibid, it is often followed by a page number if the page number is different from the previous citation.
• The use of Ibid helps in maintaining the flow of reading without unnecessary interruptions.

Other Related Points

• Op. cit.
  • Short for "opus citatum" or "opere citato," meaning "the work cited."
  • Used to refer to a previously cited source but not the one immediately preceding.
  • It usually refers back to a citation mentioned earlier in the text, but not the one just above.
• Loc. cit.
  • Abbreviation for "loco citato," which means "in the place cited."
  • Similar to Op. cit., but it specifically refers to the same page number of the work previously cited.
  • Less commonly used than Op. cit. and Ibid.
• Cf.
  • Short for the Latin term "confer," meaning "compare."
  • Used to direct the reader to another location for comparison or further information.
  • Not used for direct citation but for suggesting related material.

The Correct answer is ​AACR.

ExplanationDefinition and Concept of Author:

• AA Code (1908):
  • Defines the author as the writer of a book, distinct from a translator or editor.
  • Broadly, it includes the creator or compiler responsible for the book's existence, such as a person assembling writings of others or a corporate body issuing publications under its authority.
• ALA Rules (1949):
  • Identifies the author as the writer of a work, including artists, composers, photographers, and cartographers.
  • Broadly, it considers the person or body immediately responsible for the work, including compilers or corporate bodies issuing works in their name or authority.
• Mann's Perspective:
  • Defines the author as the writer or person responsible for a book's creation.
  • Includes compilers or editors of collections and corporate bodies like societies or institutions for publications issued in their names or under their authority.
• CCC (Classified Catalogue Code): Ranganathan defines the author as:
  • A person creating a work, including its thought and expression.
  • A corporate body responsible for the thought and expression constituting the work.
  • This definition emphasizes that authorship can be attributed to individuals or corporate entities.
• AACR (1967):
  • Defines the author as the person or body primarily responsible for creating a work's intellectual or artistic content.
  • Examples include writers, compilers, composers, artists, and photographers.
• ​AACR-2R:
  • Provides a definition of personal authorship, stating that a personal author is the individual primarily responsible for the intellectual or artistic creation of a work. Examples include writers, composers, cartographers, artists, and, in some cases, performers.

The Correct answer is A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1
Explanation
List of some classes of DDC:

• 000 Computer science, information & general works
• 010 Bibliographies
• 020 Library & information sciences
• 030 Encyclopedias & books of facts
• 100 Philosophy and psychology
• 110 Metaphysics
• 120 Epistemology
• 130 Parapsychology & occultism
• 140 Philosophical schools of thought
• 200 Religion
• 210 Philosophy and theory of religion
• 230 Christianity
• 300 Social sciences
• 340 Law
• 400 Language

Additional Information
​​​​​​​DDC:

• ​It was first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876.
• Originally described in a 44-page pamphlet.
• it has been expanded to multiple volumes and revised through 23 major editions, the latest printed in 2011
• It is now published by OCLC.
• OCLC currently maintains the system and licenses online access to WebDewey
• The decimal number classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index.
• Pheonix Schedules are part of DDC.

The Correct answer is A, B and D.

Explanation

• MARC:
  • MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloguing) is a standard for the description of items cataloged by libraries and used for the exchange of bibliographic information among automated library systems.
  • It was developed by Henriette Avram at the Library of Congress as a pilot project to create records that can be read and interpreted by computers, and also shared among libraries.
  • It was used for the automation of processes to print cards or catalogs (book catalogs, microfiche catalogs, etc.).
  • It is the basic format for representing the library's resources in the catalog.
• MARC 21:
  • MARC 21 is a result of the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats.
  • The MARC 21 standards include formats for authority records, holdings records, classification schedules, and community information, in addition to the format for bibliographic records.
  • UNIMARC (widely used in Europe) is the current and most predominant standard now.
  • The MARC 21 tags are grouped by hundreds.

The major tags grouped are listed below:

The Correct answer is 1919.

ExplanationThe Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):

• ​The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is an extensive thesaurus of subject headings maintained by the United States Library of Congress.
• The first edition of the Library of Congress list, called Subject Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogues of the Library of Congress, was printed in parts between 1909 and 1914.
• Supplementary lists were issued as required, followed by a second edition in 1919. Later editions were published at irregular intervals.
• It serves as a controlled vocabulary in bibliographic records, encompassing more than 270,000 usable headings and over 490,000 headings utilized for cross-referencing.
• LCSH finds extensive application in cataloging.
• The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is organized into three main categories:
  • topical headings,
  • form/genre headings, and
  • name headings.​​
• The printed Library of Congress Subject Headings (Red Books) is being published annually.
• The 5th edition was published in 1948.
• In 1957 the 6th edition of LCSH was published with three columns of subject headings per page, a format that would remain constant through to 1999.
• The 34th edition of LCSH in 6 volumes published in 2012 is indispensable.
• The latest edition of LCSH is the 44th edition and was published in 2022.

The Correct answer is (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii).

Explanation

• Superimposition Device:
  • This device serves to streamline schedules by expanding the possibilities for constructing class numbers for isolates not initially included in the schedule.
  • When an isolate is not scheduled in a facet but can be seen as the overlapping of two isolates, the superimposition device is employed to form a compound isolate.
  • This involves combining isolates within the same schedule, referred to as a compound isolate.
  • British-India, National science library is an example employed via this device.
• Subject Device:
  • ​The subject device is used to form or sharpen a facet by adding to it (facet) another class number from elsewhere in the scheme.
  • This device has been used in several train classes.
  • The part of the number derived by the subject device should be enclosed in parenthesis (circular brackets).
  • Agriculture Countries, Agriculture library is an example
• Systems & Specials:
  • The Systems & Specials classification device involves employing a unique classification scheme to isolate a specific entity.
  • Treatment of eye disease in children is an example.
• Mnemonic Device (MD):
  • The Mnemonic Device (MD) involves the application of specific digits or digit groups to symbolize particular concepts in all classes.
  • The Mnemonic Device is a classification tool that involves employing a memory aid to recall the classification number assigned to an entity.
  • For example, the digit 1 may represent unity, God, the world, one dimension, or a line, along with similar related entities.
  • This mechanism provides a robust approach, granting a higher level of independence to individual classifiers.
  • Example. 2:51:2 Structure of classification

The correct answer is twenty thousand.

Explanation

• The General Financial Rules (GFRs) are a set of guidelines issued by the Government of India, first introduced in 1947 and updated in 1963, governing financial matters across government offices.
• The General Financial Rules, 2005 were developed after extensive consultations and review.
• The rules have been simplified and logically organized for better understanding.
• While the appendices and forms from the 1963 edition have been updated, the original form numbers have been retained for clarity.
• Provisions related to advances for government servants, which differ from direct government expenditure, have been excluded from the GFRs and are now provided separately in a compendium.
• Rule 194 pertains to the physical verification of library books:
  • ​Libraries with up to 20,000 volumes should conduct complete verification annually.
  • Libraries with 20,000 to 50,000 volumes should conduct verification at least once every three years.
  • Libraries with more than 50,000 volumes should conduct sample verification every three years, with full verification required if significant shortages are found.
  • Losses of up to five volumes per 1,000 volumes issued or consulted annually are considered reasonable unless due to negligence or dishonesty. However, the loss of books valued over ₹1,000 or rare books must be investigated, regardless of value.

The Correct answer is Organisation by creating, self-organization, and bibliographic organization.

Explanation

• Ziman, a distinguished physicist, underscores the significance of organizing public knowledge, which encompasses three key aspects:
  • creation,
  • self-organization, and
  • bibliographic organization.
• Creation organization involves the efforts of individuals who generate knowledge through experiments and investigations, documenting their findings for communication.
• Self-organization involves the interlinking of references cited in documents, establishing connections between related materials.
  • This form of organization challenges traditional classification norms.
• Bibliographic organization entails structuring primary documents in bibliographies, indexing, abstracting journals, and other information products and services, typically managed by libraries and information centers.

The Correct answer is the Principle of Quantitative Measure.

Explanation

Principle of Quantitative Measure:

• ​It recommends that if entities are associated with some quantity, then these may be arranged in the order of their increasing quantity.
• For example, Indian currency notes may be arranged in the order: one rupee two rupees, five rupees, Twenty rupees, fifty rupees hundred rupee, Five hundred rupees, and one thousand rupees.
• Public libraries may be arranged in the following order: National Library, Regional Library, State Library, District Library, Municipal Library & lastly Village Library.
• In Town Planning we can arrange like Village Planning, Town Planning, City Planning, and Metropolitan Planning. ​

Other Related Points

Principle of Spatial Contiguity:

• ​Another Principle is of geographical proximity or Spatial Contiguity.
• If the entities exist in space their arrangement should be near to one another as they configure naturally in space or on Earth.
• We can arrange Indian states in the order: J & K, Punjab Himachal, Haryana, Delhi, UP, and so on.
• Planets in space may be arranged like Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Pluto.
• Body organs are arranged top downwards order; while parts of a building can be arranged bottom upwards.
• This method provides many techniques to arrange many different types of entities in different spatial orders.

Literary Warrant Principle:

• Entities can be arranged according to their popularity of use, e.g., we can arrange food seeds in the order: Rice, Wheat, Rye.

Principle of Increasing Complexity:

• ​It lays down that the entities may be arranged in the order of their increasing complexity, e.g., Linguistic elements can be arranged as syllables, words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, books, and so on.
• Algebraic equations can be arranged as 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order equations, etc.
• Quantity and complexity are concomitant to one another. If the national library is large it is also hugely complex compared to a village library.

The Correct answer is ​A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1:

Explanation

• Common Isolates in Colon Classification: Common isolates are defined in CC as those that denote the same isolate term and are represented by the same isolate number.
• There are several types of common isolates:
  • Anteriorising Common Isolates in CC:
    • Anteriorising common isolates means that they have precedence in arrangement over the class numbers to which they have been attached. In short, the anteriorising common isolates have the anterior value.
    • Anteriorising common isolates Applicable before space facet:
      • a - bibliography
      • c - concordance
      • d - table
      • f - atlas
      • k – cyclopaedia
      • m - periodical
      • p - conference proceedings
      • v - history
      • w - biography
    • Anteriorising common isolatesApplicable after space facet
      • r - periodical administration report
      • s - statistics (serial).
    • ​​​Anteriorising common isolates Applicable after time facet
      • ​T - commission report
      • t4 - survey
      • v - source material
      • v46 - genealogy
      • v6 chronology
  • Posteriorising Common Isolates in CC:
    • ​Posteriorizing common isolates are of three types, personality, matter, and energy common isolates. They are to be attached to the host(core) class with their respective connecting symbols, viz., comma, semi-colon and colon.
    • some of which- are as follows:
      • f - investigating- institution
      • f2 - observational institution
      • f3 - laboratory
      • g - learned body
      • h6 - museum
      • y - cultural organizations

The Correct answer is (A) is true, but (R) is false.

ExplanationAssertion (A): The entry element in the Leading Section has the potency to decide the position of an entry among the various entries in a catalogue.

• Assertion (A) states that the entry element in the Leading Section is crucial in determining the position of an entry in a catalogue.
• This is true because cataloguing systems, such as library catalogues, often rely on leading elements (like the first letter of an author's last name) to sort and organize entries.
• The leading element helps users efficiently locate items within a catalogue.

Reason (R): The potency of entries, sorted letter by letter or digit by digit goes on increasing rightwards and upwards.

• Reason (R) claims that the potency of entries increases as you move rightwards and upwards in a sorted list.
• This is false because in most cataloguing systems, the sorting is typically done in a left-to-right manner, and the position of an entry is determined primarily by its leading elements rather than any "potency" increasing in a particular direction.
• Therefore, this reason does not accurately describe the sorting mechanism used in catalogues.

The correct answer is (a), (c), (d) are correct

Explanation

ISO11799 ∶ 2015:

• ISO 11799:2015 outlines the requirements for repositories that store archive and library materials long-term.
• It covers the siting, construction, renovation, and equipment used in and around these buildings.
• It is Applicable to all types of archive and library materials, including mixed media with paper-based materials.
• It allows for specialized areas within repositories to create optimal environments for specific materials.

ISO/TR 11219 : 2012

• This technical report specifies the qualitative conditions and basic statistics necessary for the construction and management of library buildings.
• It ensures that library buildings are designed to meet the needs of users and staff.

ISO 16000-7:2007:

• ISO 16000-7:2007 outlines procedures for planning air measurements to determine asbestos concentrations in indoor environments.
• Proper measurement strategy is crucial, as results may influence decisions on major renovations or reoccupying buildings post-asbestos removal.
• Its purpose is to ensure accurate asbestos concentration measurements to guide building safety and renovation decisions.

Other Related Points

ISO5678 ∶ 1993:

• ISO 5678:1993 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Sub-Committee SC 5, focusing on equipment for working the soil.
• This second edition supersedes the first edition (ISO 5678:1979) by adding requirements for S-tines, types 0, 2, and 3.
• Key Points:
  • Scope: Specifies main dimensions and clearance zones for S-type harrow and cultivator tines used in agricultural soil working.
  • Updates: Extended to include specifications for additional S-tine types.
• This standard ensures uniformity in the dimensions and clearances for S-tines, facilitating compatibility and efficiency in agricultural machinery.

The Correct answer is the Application layer.

Explanation

• The Z39.50 protocol operates at the Application layer of the OSI model.
• This protocol is primarily used for retrieving information from remote databases.
• It allows a client to search a database managed by a server and retrieve records that match the search criteria.
• The Application layer is the topmost layer in the OSI model and is responsible for providing network services directly to the end-user.
• Protocols operating at this layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Z39.50.
• The Z39.50 protocol is widely used in libraries and information management systems for catalog searches and data retrieval.

Other Related Points

• Physical layer
  • The Physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
  • It is concerned with the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium.
  • This layer includes hardware elements like cables, switches, and network interface cards.
• Data link layer
  • The Data link layer is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error detection and correction.
  • It is divided into two sublayers: the Logical Link Control (LLC) and the Media Access Control (MAC).
  • Protocols at this layer include Ethernet and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
• Network layer
  • The Network layer is responsible for path determination and logical addressing.
  • It handles the routing of data packets between devices across different networks.
  • Protocols operating at this layer include IP (Internet Protocol) and ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).

The Correct answer is ​RJ45.

Explanation

• In a Personal Computer, the Network Interface Card (NIC) is connected to the internet switch through an RJ45 connector.
• RJ45 stands for Registered Jack 45 and is the most common connector for wired networks, primarily used to connect devices in a Local Area Network (LAN).
• Originally designed for telephone use, it has become standard in Ethernet networking. The "45" refers to its specific listing number.
• RJ45 connectors are wider than traditional telephone jacks and offer higher bandwidth, typically up to 10 Gbps.
• Due to their speed and security, they are widely used to connect personal computers, servers, and routers, particularly in Star Topology networks.

Other Related Points

• RJ11: Commonly used for telephone connections.
• RJ25: Less common, also used for telephone lines, with additional wires compared to RJ11.
• RJ14: Another variant for telephone connections, typically supporting two lines.

The Correct answer is Uses the z39.50 protocol for MARC record searching

Explanation

• Surpass Copycat is a cost-effective cataloging tool for downloading free MARC records without an annual subscription.
• It uses the z39.50 protocol to search for records individually or in batch mode via ISBN lists.
• Users can also scan EAN barcodes for ISBN conversion.
• Copycat supports multi-library searches and selects the most complete records.
• It is useful for cataloging new, donated books, converting non-MARC catalogs, and updating MARC records.
• The tool allows full MARC editing and is priced under $500, making it competitive in the market.

The Correct answer is C, D, and A.

Explanation

• ISO 2709 is an international standard format for bibliographic information interchange on magnetic tape.
• It was developed for the exchange of bibliographic records on magnetic tape, originally in the Library of Congress MARC format.​
• In 1981, the standard was titled "Documentation—Format for bibliographic information interchange on magnetic tape."
• The most recent edition of this standard is ANSI/NISO Z39.2-1994 (R2016), with the ISSN 1041-5653.
• The ISO standard has since replaced Z39.2, and as of December 2008, the current standard is ISO 2709:2008.
• ISO 2709 structure consists of the following elements:
  • Record label:
    • This is the first 24 characters of the record and is the only part of the record with a fixed length.
    • The record label includes essential information such as the total record length and the base address of the data within the record.
    • Additionally, it contains data elements specifying the character count for indicators and subfield identifiers.
  • Directory:
    • The directory provides entry positions and field tags for the fields within the record.
    • Each directory entry consists of four parts and must not exceed twelve characters in length:
      • Field tag (3 characters)
      • Length of the field (4 characters)
      • Starting character position of the field (5 characters)
      • An optional implementation-defined part
  • Datafields (Variable fields):
    • ​This section contains a string that holds all the field and subfield data present in the record. It includes the actual bibliographic information.
  • Record separator:
    • This is a single character that marks the end of the ISO 2709 record, indicating the completion of the record's content.
• In an ISO 2709 record, there are three types of fields:
  • Record identifier field: This field is responsible for uniquely identifying the record and is assigned by the organization that creates the record. It is tagged as 001.
  • Reserved fields: Reserved fields are used to provide data necessary for processing the record. These fields always have tags within the range 002–009 and 00A–00Z.
  • Bibliographic Fields: These fields contain the actual bibliographic data and are identified by tags within the range 010–999 and 0AA–ZZZ.

The Correct answer is Racial and Ethnic Groups.

Explanation

The Correct answer is ​Shodhgangotri.

Explanation

• Shodhgangotri-
  • ​It is an initiative of the UGC, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, and INFILBNET Centre.
  • It aims to provide a one-stop portal to access documents pertaining to research that is in progress.
  • "ShodhGangotri," where "Shodh" signifies research and discovery in Sanskrit, and "Gangotri" symbolizes the origin of the Ganges River from one of the largest Himalayan glaciers, is an initiative inviting research scholars and supervisors to electronically deposit approved synopses, now expanded to include MRPs/PDFs/Emeritus Fellowship.
  • It has a collection of about 6500 synopses from 70 universities.

Other Related Points

• Shodhganga-
  • Shodhaganga is a digital repository of Indian Electronic Theses and Dissertations submitted to universities in India.
  • It was set up and maintained by the INFLIBNET Centre.
  • It was established in 2011 and stands for "a reservoir of Indian Thesis".
  • It provides a platform for research scholars to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make them available to the entire scholarly community in open access.
  • All the records that are available in Shodhaganga are also available in IndCat's Thesis database.
• Vidyanidhi-
  • Vidyanidhi, University of Mysore, is a digital library and e-Scholarship portal.
  • It aims to be a national repository for Indian theses and dissertations.
  • IIT, Bombay, IIT, Kharagpur, and the University of Hyderabad are also members.
• National Digital Library (NDL):​
  • It is a digital repository of learning resources.
  • It contains textbooks, articles, videos, audiobooks, lectures, simulations, fiction, and all other kinds of learning media for users.
  • It is a National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT).
  • It is a project under the Ministry of Education, developed, operated, and maintained by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur.
  • The Library was launched in pilot form in May 2016.
  • NDL was dedicated to the nation on June 19, 2018, by union human resource minister Prakash Javadekar.

The Correct answer is Second.

Explanation

• Modes of Subject Formation by S.R. Ranganathan:
  • In the 1950s, S.R. Ranganathan proposed four modes for forming subjects in the universe of knowledge:
    • Loose Assemblage
    • Lamination
    • Dissection
    • Denudation​

Other Related Points

• Loose Assemblage: Loose assemblage is assembling together of two or more of a) subjects (basic or compound) .b) isolate ideas (in one and the same facet, or isolate ideas in one and the same array).
  • ​Loose Assemblage of Kind-1 - Two or more subjects - simple or compound - are studied in their mutual relationship. It is called "inter-subject phase relation".
  • Loose Assemblage of Kind-2: Two or more isolates taken from one and the same schedule are brought into a mutual relationship. This is called an "intro facet phase relation"
  • Loose Assemblage of Kind-3 - Two or more isolates taken from one and the same array of an order higher than I in one and the same schedule are brought into mutual relation. This is called an "intra-array phase relation".​
• Lamination: Lamination is a construction by an overlaying facet. According to. to Ranganathan "when the basic layer is a basic subject and the other layers are isolated ideas, a compound subject is formed".
  • Lamination 1: In this mode, one or more isolate facets are laminated over a basic facet. This results in compound subjects. Examples Anatomy of the human body, Treatment of diseases of plant ​
  • Lamination 2: In this mode, two or more sub-facets of a compound facet are laminated over one another. Such subjects were called earlier non-main basic subjects, the components of which were the host main subjects. The latter had the canonical/special/ environment/system component.
• Dissection:
  • ​This involves dividing a universe of entities into parts of equal status.
  • For instance, the field of Life Science may be dissected into Botany and Zoology, or the entity of India may be subdivided into states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, etc.
• Denudation:
  • ​It entails a gradual reduction in extension and an increase in the depth or complexity of a basic subject or idea.
  • For example, starting from the broader concept of the World, one may progressively narrow down to Asia, then India, further to Tamil Nadu, and finally to a specific location like Madurai.

The Correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

Explanation

Canons for Terminology:

• Ranganathan introduced several canons for coining and displaying terminology in library classification systems to ensure clarity and consistency.
• These canons aim to reduce the number of terms and promote international understanding.
• Canon of Context:
  • Terms in classification schedules should be read and understood in the context of the broader category.
  • For example, instead of listing terms like "Single salts" and "Double salts," they should be displayed under the general category of "Salts" to avoid repetition and maintain clarity.
• Canon of Enumeration:
  • The Canon of Enumeration addresses the variability of terms and disciplines, advocating for explicit delineation of scope by enumerating subdivisions.
  • This pragmatic approach ensures clarity and consistency in defining subject areas, often achieved through notes in classification schemes like the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC).
  • Additionally, manuals such as those issued by the Forest Press aid in interpreting class scope uniformly across libraries, promoting standardization and coherence.
  • Canon of Enumeration suggests that terms should denote concepts in a structured manner.
• Canon of Currency:
  • Terminology must evolve with time, as terms can become outdated or new terms may be introduced.
  • For instance, "Library Science" has evolved into "Library and Information Science."
  • Classification systems should update terms to reflect current knowledge and terminology.
  • Canon of Currency ensures that terms are based on the latest developments.
• Canon of Reticence:
  • Terms used in classification systems should be neutral and non-judgmental.
  • For example, terms like "Negroes" should be updated to "African Americans" to avoid any discriminatory or outdated language.
  • Canon of Reticence avoids unnecessary or excessive use of terminology.
• ​Canon of Simplicity:
  • The Canon of Simplicity in Ranganathan's terminology principles emphasizes that terms in a classification system should be as simple and concise as possible.
  • The goal is to avoid unnecessary complexity and ensure that the terminology is easy to understand and apply.
  • Canon of Simplicity emphasizes that notations should be simple and clear.
• ​ Canon of Consistency:
  • Consistency in terminology usage is essential.
  • Terms should be used uniformly throughout a system, regardless of varying usage or literary preferences.
  • For example, the compound term "Group intelligence tests" should be used consistently rather than "Group intelligence testing."

The Correct answer is Resource Description and Access.

Explanation

• RDA stands for “Resource Description and Access”
• It is the title of the standard, which is the successor to AACR2.
• It is divided into 10 Sections.
• Resource Description and Access (RDA) is a standard for descriptive cataloging providing instructions and guidelines on formulating bibliographic data.
• RDA offers libraries the potential to change significantly how bibliographic data is created and used.
• RDA is a package of data elements, guidelines, and instructions for creating library and cultural heritage resource metadata.
• RDA goes beyond earlier cataloging codes in that it provides guidelines on cataloging digital resources.
• RDA also supports the clustering of bibliographic records to show relationships between works and their creators.

The Correct answer is A, C, and D.

Explanation

ESTC:

• The English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC) is a collaborative short-title catalog covering works published between 1473 and 1800 in Britain, its former colonies (especially North America), and primarily in English.
• Drawing on collections from institutions like the British Library and others worldwide, it is co-managed by the British Library and the Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research (CBSR) at the University of California, Riverside.
• The freely searchable database, originally focused on the Eighteenth-Century Short Title Catalogue (covering 1701 to 1800), expanded to include earlier works cataloged in Pollard and Redgrave's Short-Title Catalogue and Wing's bibliography.

International Standard Audiovisual Number:

• The International Standard Audiovisual Number (ISAN) functions as a distinctive identifier for audiovisual works and their various versions, akin to the ISBN used for books.
• Developed within the ISO TC46/SC9 working group, ISAN is overseen by ISAN-IA (ISAN International Agency), a non-profit association based in Geneva, founded in 2003 by AGICOA, CISAC, and FIAPF to administer the ISAN standard.
• ISAN-IA's responsibilities include:
  • Maintaining the central ISAN repository.
  • Implementing, operating, and managing the ISAN system.
  • Accrediting and appointing ISAN registration agencies globally.
  • Promoting the ISAN standard within the audiovisual industry through collaboration with registration agencies.

International Standard Recording Code:

• The International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) serves as a globally recognized code for the unique identification of sound recordings and music video recordings.
• Developed through collaboration between the recording industry and the ISO Technical Committee 46, subcommittee 9 (TC 46/SC 9), the standard was codified as ISO 3901 in 1986, with subsequent updates in 2001.
• ISRC codes adhere to a consistent format of 12 characters: "CC-XXX-YY-NNNNN."
• It's important to note that the hyphens are not integral to the ISRC code itself; however, they are often included in print presentations for enhanced readability.

International Standard Text Code:

• The International Standard Text Code (ISTC) functions as a distinctive identifier for text-based works, with the ISO standard crafted by TC 46/SC 9 and officially published in March 2009 under ISO 21047:2009.
• The implementation authority for this standard was initially entrusted to The International ISTC Agency, which concluded its operations in 2017.
• Subsequent to a public appeal for a new organization to undertake the maintenance and registration of ISTC data, with no other entities coming forward, and based on a report from ISO TC 46/SC 9 on text identification, the ISTC standard was formally withdrawn from the ISO catalog of standards in August 2021.

The Correct answer is PERT.

Explanation

• PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique.
• It is a statistical tool used in project management, designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.
• PERT is primarily used to estimate the time needed to complete each task and the entire project.
• The technique involves identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project and the critical path of tasks that determine this minimum time.
• PERT charts are used to manage complex projects where task durations are uncertain.
• The three-time estimates used in PERT are:
  • Optimistic Time (O): The shortest time in which the task can be completed.
  • Most Likely Time (M): The best estimate of the time required to complete the task, assuming everything proceeds as normal.
  • Pessimistic Time (P): The longest time that a task might take if things go wrong.

Other Related Points

• PEST
  • PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis.
  • It is a strategic business tool used to identify, analyze, and monitor the key external factors that influence an organization.
  • PEST analysis helps in understanding the market decline or growth, business position, potential, and direction for operations.
• CPM
  • CPM stands for Critical Path Method.
  • It is a step-by-step project management technique for process planning that defines critical and non-critical tasks.
  • CPM focuses on the critical path of tasks that directly affect the project completion time.
• SWOT
  • SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
  • It is a framework used to evaluate a company's competitive position and to develop strategic planning.
  • SWOT analysis helps in identifying internal and external factors that are favorable or unfavorable to achieving the objectives.

The Correct answer is A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II

Explanation

• Aminer:
  • AMiner, previously known as ArnetMiner, is a free online service utilized for indexing, searching, and mining extensive scientific data.
  • It operates by searching and analyzing academic publications on the internet, employing social network analysis to uncover connections between researchers, conferences, and publications.
  • This enables AMiner to offer a range of services, including expert finding, geographic search, trend analysis, reviewer recommendation, association search, course search, academic performance evaluation, and topic modeling.
  • Initiated and developed by Professor Jie Tang from Tsinghua University, China, AMiner was first launched in March 2006.
• ​Astrophysics Data System:
  • The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is a digital library for astronomy, astrophysics, and physics publications, hosted by the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • ADS is the world's leading online database for astronomy and physics papers and is the go-to search system for astronomers globally.
  • ADS not only maintains its bibliographic database but also tracks citations and usage to offer enhanced discovery and evaluation features.
• ATLA Religion Database:
  • EBSCOhost hosts the ATLA Religion Database
  • Updated monthly, it includes over 3 million article citations from more than 2,400 journals, along with over 250,000 essay citations from over 18,000 multi-author works and more than 500,000 book reviews.
  • Available on a subscription basis, the database provides access to key religious scholarship and includes formats like MARC records.
  • Previously available on CD-ROM, it now integrates several out-of-print indexes, such as Religion Index One, Religion Index Two, and Index to Book Reviews in Religion.
• Arachne:
  • iDAI.objects, also known as Arachne, is a central object-database managed by the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) and the Cologne Digital Archaeology Laboratory (CoDArchLab) at the University of Cologne.
  • It serves as a free research tool for archaeologists and Classicists, providing access to hundreds of thousands of object records and their attributes.
  • Arachne combines digitized traditional documentation with new digital object and graphic data.
  • All digital information is securely stored on a Tivoli Storage System with long-term redundancy and made available online via the Storage Area Network in Cologne.

The correct answer is a - i, b - ii, c - iii, d - iv.

Explanation

DSpace:

• DSpace is an open-source software package for creating institutional repositories.
• It is widely used by academic, non-profit, and commercial organizations for building digital repositories.
• The BSD License is a permissive free software license, meaning it imposes minimal restrictions on the redistribution of covered software.
• Under the BSD License, users are free to use, modify, and distribute the software, provided that all copies retain the original BSD License and copyright notice.
• DSpace software facilitates the capture, storage, indexing, preservation, and redistribution of digital research material.
• The permissive nature of the BSD License encourages wide adoption and collaboration among developers and institutions.

EPrints:

• EPrints is an open-source software package for building open access repositories that are compliant with the OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting).
• It is primarily used for creating institutional repositories and scientific archives.
• EPrints was developed at the University of Southampton School of Electronics and Computer Science.
• The software is written in Perl and is available under a GPL license.
• It allows institutions to manage, preserve, and provide access to their digital content.
• It supports a wide variety of document types including articles, theses, books, and multimedia.

CKAN:

• CKAN is an open-source open data portal designed for storing and distributing open data.
• Initially inspired by Debian Linux's package management, it has evolved into a robust data catalog system widely used by public institutions to share datasets.
• CKAN uses the AGPL License.

Invenio:

• Invenio is an open-source software framework designed for large-scale digital repositories, primarily used for the management of digital assets in institutional repositories and research data management systems.
• It is often employed in open-access repositories for scholarly and published digital content, as well as for digital library systems.
• Invenio was initially developed by CERN, with contributions from both individual and organizational external contributors.
• Prior to July 1, 2006, the software was known as CDSware, then it was renamed CDS Invenio, and now it is recognized as Invenio.
• Invenio adheres to important standards, including the Open Archives Initiative metadata harvesting protocol (OAI-PMH).
• It utilizes JSON/JSONSchema as the underlying bibliographic format.
• In 2014, Invenio was chosen as the digital library software for all national universities in the West African regional economic community UEMOA.
• Invenio is distributed under the MIT License.

Other Related Points

• BSD License
  • The BSD License is a permissive free software license that allows software to be freely used, modified, and distributed.
  • It is known for its simplicity and minimal restrictions on software redistribution.
• GPL License
  • The GPL License (GNU General Public License) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the software.
  • It is known for requiring derived works to also be open-source under the same license.
• AGPL License
  • The AGPL License (GNU Affero General Public License) is a free software license that is similar to the GPL but with an additional requirement for network server software to provide source code to users who interact with the software over a network.
• MIT License
  • The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
  • It is known for its simplicity and permissiveness, allowing software to be freely used, modified, and distributed with minimal restrictions.