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All questions of Self and Personality for Humanities/Arts Exam
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an educational or industrial setting.Reason: Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have interacted over a period of time.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an educational or industrial setting.
Reason: Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have interacted over a period of time.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Behavioural ratings are frequently used for assessment of personality in educational and industrial settings. Behavioural ratings are generally taken from people who know the assessee over a period of time. They attempt to put individuals into certain categories in terms of their behavioural qualities.
Which of the following statements relating to the stages in Freud’s psychogenetic model of development matches up with Freud’s suggestions? - a)At an early oral stage children usually start to explore their environment but experience control and discipline from their parents.
- b)Fixation at the anal stage results in children deriving pleasure in adulthood from activities such as overeating, smoking, drinking and kissing.
- c)At the genital stage children discover pleasure from touching their genitals.
- d)During the latency period sexual impulses are rechannelled into activities such as sport, learning and social activities.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statements relating to the stages in Freud’s psychogenetic model of development matches up with Freud’s suggestions?
a)
At an early oral stage children usually start to explore their environment but experience control and discipline from their parents.
b)
Fixation at the anal stage results in children deriving pleasure in adulthood from activities such as overeating, smoking, drinking and kissing.
c)
At the genital stage children discover pleasure from touching their genitals.
d)
During the latency period sexual impulses are rechannelled into activities such as sport, learning and social activities.
|
Ss Study Center answered |
At the beginning of the oral stage (birth to 18 months), children are highly dependent on their mothers and derive pleasure from sucking and swallowing. Freud suggested that children who become fixated at this early oral stage derive pleasure in adulthood from activities such as overeating, smoking, drinking and kissing.
During the anal stage (18 months to 3 years), pleasure is gained from the expulsion and retention of faeces; this is also a stage at which children start to explore their environment but experience control and discipline from their parents. It is at the phallic stage (3 to 5 years) that children discover pleasure from touching their genitals. According to Freud, personality is formed by the end of the phallic stage, and sexual impulses are rechannelled during the latency period (6 to 12 years) into activities such as sport, learning and social activities. As young people approach the age of reproductive ability (the genital stage – 13 years to adult), they begin to focus their libido, or sexual energy, towards the opposite sex.
During the anal stage (18 months to 3 years), pleasure is gained from the expulsion and retention of faeces; this is also a stage at which children start to explore their environment but experience control and discipline from their parents. It is at the phallic stage (3 to 5 years) that children discover pleasure from touching their genitals. According to Freud, personality is formed by the end of the phallic stage, and sexual impulses are rechannelled during the latency period (6 to 12 years) into activities such as sport, learning and social activities. As young people approach the age of reproductive ability (the genital stage – 13 years to adult), they begin to focus their libido, or sexual energy, towards the opposite sex.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.Reason (R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.
Reason (R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
All the three gunas are present in every person to different degrees. The dominance of a particular guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
What kind of needs lead to the development of a biological self?- a)Mental
- b)Biochemical
- c)Biological
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What kind of needs lead to the development of a biological self?
a)
Mental
b)
Biochemical
c)
Biological
d)
None
|
Naina Sharma answered |
Biological needs lead to the development of a biological self.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositionsQ. What is a trait?- a)Trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
- b)Trait refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
- c)Both of them
- d)None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.
For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.
Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.
Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.
Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.
Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositions
Q. What is a trait?
a)
Trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
b)
Trait refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
c)
Both of them
d)
None of them
|
|
Sahana Choudhury answered |
Explanation:
What is a trait?
Traits are relatively enduring attributes or qualities on which one individual differs from another. They are stable over time and consistent across situations, leading to individual differences in personality.
- A trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
- Traits are stable over time and consistent across situations.
- They lead to individual differences in personality.
What is a trait?
Traits are relatively enduring attributes or qualities on which one individual differs from another. They are stable over time and consistent across situations, leading to individual differences in personality.
- A trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
- Traits are stable over time and consistent across situations.
- They lead to individual differences in personality.
The extent to which people believe that they can bring about an outcome is referred to as _________. - a)Extraversion
- b)Neuroticism
- c)Self-efficacy
- d)Self-regulation
- e)Self-actualization
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The extent to which people believe that they can bring about an outcome is referred to as _________.
a)
Extraversion
b)
Neuroticism
c)
Self-efficacy
d)
Self-regulation
e)
Self-actualization
|
Lakshmi Kulkarni answered |
Self-efficacy refers to the extent to which individuals believe in their own abilities to bring about a desired outcome or achieve a specific goal. It is a concept that was introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura in the social cognitive theory. Bandura believed that individuals' beliefs about their own abilities play a crucial role in determining their behavior, motivation, and success.
Self-efficacy is different from self-esteem or self-confidence, as it specifically focuses on an individual's belief in their own competence to perform a particular task or achieve a specific outcome. It is not a global belief about oneself, but rather a belief about one's capabilities in a specific domain or situation.
Self-efficacy is influenced by several factors, including past experiences, observing others, social persuasion, and physiological states. When individuals have successful experiences in a particular area, it enhances their self-efficacy beliefs, making them more likely to believe in their ability to succeed in similar situations in the future. Similarly, observing others who are successful in a certain task or receiving positive feedback and encouragement from others can also boost one's self-efficacy.
On the other hand, failure experiences, negative feedback, or lack of opportunities to observe successful performances can undermine self-efficacy beliefs. If individuals believe that they lack the necessary skills, knowledge, or resources to achieve a particular outcome, their self-efficacy will be low, and they may be less motivated to put forth effort or persevere in the face of challenges.
Self-efficacy beliefs can have significant implications for individuals' behavior and performance. Those with high self-efficacy are more likely to set challenging goals, exert effort, persist in the face of obstacles, and bounce back from failures. They are also more likely to view setbacks as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than as indications of their incompetence.
In summary, self-efficacy refers to individuals' beliefs in their own abilities to bring about a desired outcome. It is a key determinant of motivation, behavior, and success, and can be influenced by past experiences, observations, social persuasion, and physiological states.
Self-efficacy is different from self-esteem or self-confidence, as it specifically focuses on an individual's belief in their own competence to perform a particular task or achieve a specific outcome. It is not a global belief about oneself, but rather a belief about one's capabilities in a specific domain or situation.
Self-efficacy is influenced by several factors, including past experiences, observing others, social persuasion, and physiological states. When individuals have successful experiences in a particular area, it enhances their self-efficacy beliefs, making them more likely to believe in their ability to succeed in similar situations in the future. Similarly, observing others who are successful in a certain task or receiving positive feedback and encouragement from others can also boost one's self-efficacy.
On the other hand, failure experiences, negative feedback, or lack of opportunities to observe successful performances can undermine self-efficacy beliefs. If individuals believe that they lack the necessary skills, knowledge, or resources to achieve a particular outcome, their self-efficacy will be low, and they may be less motivated to put forth effort or persevere in the face of challenges.
Self-efficacy beliefs can have significant implications for individuals' behavior and performance. Those with high self-efficacy are more likely to set challenging goals, exert effort, persist in the face of obstacles, and bounce back from failures. They are also more likely to view setbacks as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than as indications of their incompetence.
In summary, self-efficacy refers to individuals' beliefs in their own abilities to bring about a desired outcome. It is a key determinant of motivation, behavior, and success, and can be influenced by past experiences, observations, social persuasion, and physiological states.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life.Reason (R): Society, parents and their own positive experiences can help in the development of a strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the formative years of children.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life.
Reason (R): Society, parents and their own positive experiences can help in the development of a strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the formative years of children.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
These are characteristics of self efficacy but are not cause and effect.
Arrange Freud's stages of psychosexual development in the correct order: - Anal Stage
- Genital Stage
- Oral Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
- a)3, 1, 4, 5, 2
- b)1, 3, 5, 4, 2
- c)3, 4, 1, 5, 2
- d)2, 3, 4, 1, 5
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Arrange Freud's stages of psychosexual development in the correct order:
- Anal Stage
- Genital Stage
- Oral Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
a)
3, 1, 4, 5, 2
b)
1, 3, 5, 4, 2
c)
3, 4, 1, 5, 2
d)
2, 3, 4, 1, 5
|
Crafty Classes answered |
Freud's stages occur in this order: Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage, Latency Stage, and Genital Stage.
Our capacity to view ourselves in terms of stable dispositions allows us to combine separate self-evaluations into what kind of image of ourselves?- a)Behavioral
- b)Mental
- c)Emotional
- d)Psychological
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Our capacity to view ourselves in terms of stable dispositions allows us to combine separate self-evaluations into what kind of image of ourselves?
a)
Behavioral
b)
Mental
c)
Emotional
d)
Psychological
|
Kiran Mehta answered |
Our capacity to view ourselves in terms of stable dispositions permits us to combine separate self-evaluations into ourselves’ general psychological image —this known as an overall sense of self-esteem.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create.Reason (R): Every individual suffers from the feeling of adequacy and ego, i.e., superiority complex, which arise from childhood.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create.
Reason (R): Every individual suffers from the feeling of adequacy and ego, i.e., superiority complex, which arise from childhood.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Every individual suffers from the feeling of inadequacy and guilt, i.e., inferiority complex, which arises from childhood.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. TAT is used to study- a)neuroses
- b)psychoses
- c)behaviour disorders
- d)All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. TAT is used to study
a)
neuroses
b)
psychoses
c)
behaviour disorders
d)
All of these
|
|
Athul Choudhary answered |
Understanding the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The TAT is a projective psychological test that provides insights into an individual’s personality, particularly their interpersonal relationships and emotional dynamics. Developed by Morgan and Murray in 1935, the test utilizes storytelling to uncover underlying psychological processes.
Assessment of Various Psychological Conditions
The TAT is particularly effective in studying:
- Neuroses: The TAT can reveal the anxieties and conflicts that may contribute to neurotic behaviors, helping clinicians understand the emotional struggles of individuals.
- Psychoses: By exploring the narratives individuals create, the TAT can illuminate the distorted perceptions and thought processes often present in psychotic disorders.
- Behavior Disorders: The stories elicited from the TAT can highlight maladaptive behaviors and interpersonal challenges, providing a deeper understanding of behavioral issues.
Comprehensive Personality Study
- The TAT serves as a valuable tool in a broader personality assessment, allowing for a multifaceted view of an individual’s psychological state.
- It offers insight into a person's needs, motivations, and conflicts, which are crucial for understanding various behavioral and emotional disorders.
Conclusion
Given its ability to assess a range of psychological conditions, the correct answer is option 'D' - All of these. The TAT's versatility makes it an essential tool in clinical psychology, emphasizing its role in understanding complex human behaviors and emotions.
The TAT is a projective psychological test that provides insights into an individual’s personality, particularly their interpersonal relationships and emotional dynamics. Developed by Morgan and Murray in 1935, the test utilizes storytelling to uncover underlying psychological processes.
Assessment of Various Psychological Conditions
The TAT is particularly effective in studying:
- Neuroses: The TAT can reveal the anxieties and conflicts that may contribute to neurotic behaviors, helping clinicians understand the emotional struggles of individuals.
- Psychoses: By exploring the narratives individuals create, the TAT can illuminate the distorted perceptions and thought processes often present in psychotic disorders.
- Behavior Disorders: The stories elicited from the TAT can highlight maladaptive behaviors and interpersonal challenges, providing a deeper understanding of behavioral issues.
Comprehensive Personality Study
- The TAT serves as a valuable tool in a broader personality assessment, allowing for a multifaceted view of an individual’s psychological state.
- It offers insight into a person's needs, motivations, and conflicts, which are crucial for understanding various behavioral and emotional disorders.
Conclusion
Given its ability to assess a range of psychological conditions, the correct answer is option 'D' - All of these. The TAT's versatility makes it an essential tool in clinical psychology, emphasizing its role in understanding complex human behaviors and emotions.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. Who amongst these psychologists have not given a theory on Trait Approach?- a)Gordon Allport
- b)H. J. Eysenck
- c)Carl Jung
- d)Raymond Cattell
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. Who amongst these psychologists have not given a theory on Trait Approach?
a)
Gordon Allport
b)
H. J. Eysenck
c)
Carl Jung
d)
Raymond Cattell
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Carl Jung has classified personalities on the basis of Type Approach.
What characterises individuals as they appear in most circumstances?- a)Attitude
- b)Traits
- c)Personality
- d)Temperament
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
What characterises individuals as they appear in most circumstances?
a)
Attitude
b)
Traits
c)
Personality
d)
Temperament
|
Anmol Rane answered |
Personality
Personality is the characteristic set of behaviors, emotions, and thought patterns that define an individual. It is what makes each person unique and distinguishes them from others. Here are some key points to understand how personality characterizes individuals in most circumstances:
Consistency
- Personality traits tend to be relatively stable and consistent over time, influencing how individuals behave in different situations.
- For example, someone with a generally outgoing and friendly personality is likely to exhibit similar behavior in various social settings.
Individual Differences
- Every individual has a unique personality that shapes their responses to different situations.
- Personality influences how people perceive and interpret the world around them, leading to distinct behaviors and reactions.
Predictability
- By understanding a person's personality traits, it becomes easier to predict how they may react in specific circumstances.
- For instance, individuals with high levels of conscientiousness are more likely to be organized and responsible in their actions.
Influence on Attitudes and Behaviors
- Personality traits influence an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors across various aspects of life.
- For example, someone with a high level of openness may be more receptive to new experiences and ideas compared to someone with a more closed-minded personality.
In conclusion, personality plays a significant role in characterizing individuals in most circumstances by providing a framework for understanding their typical behaviors, responses, and interactions with the world around them.
Personality is the characteristic set of behaviors, emotions, and thought patterns that define an individual. It is what makes each person unique and distinguishes them from others. Here are some key points to understand how personality characterizes individuals in most circumstances:
Consistency
- Personality traits tend to be relatively stable and consistent over time, influencing how individuals behave in different situations.
- For example, someone with a generally outgoing and friendly personality is likely to exhibit similar behavior in various social settings.
Individual Differences
- Every individual has a unique personality that shapes their responses to different situations.
- Personality influences how people perceive and interpret the world around them, leading to distinct behaviors and reactions.
Predictability
- By understanding a person's personality traits, it becomes easier to predict how they may react in specific circumstances.
- For instance, individuals with high levels of conscientiousness are more likely to be organized and responsible in their actions.
Influence on Attitudes and Behaviors
- Personality traits influence an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors across various aspects of life.
- For example, someone with a high level of openness may be more receptive to new experiences and ideas compared to someone with a more closed-minded personality.
In conclusion, personality plays a significant role in characterizing individuals in most circumstances by providing a framework for understanding their typical behaviors, responses, and interactions with the world around them.
Identify the FALSE statement relating to affects, from those given below: - a)The way we feel can be determined by stable individual differences in personality.
- b)The way we feel can be determined by immediate responses to situations as they occur.
- c)Feeling angry, anxious or happy might impact on any of the other types of cognition, changing the way we respond.
- d)A dispositionally calm person will not become anxious even when the elevator they are travelling in becomes stuck between floors.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Identify the FALSE statement relating to affects, from those given below:
a)
The way we feel can be determined by stable individual differences in personality.
b)
The way we feel can be determined by immediate responses to situations as they occur.
c)
Feeling angry, anxious or happy might impact on any of the other types of cognition, changing the way we respond.
d)
A dispositionally calm person will not become anxious even when the elevator they are travelling in becomes stuck between floors.
|
|
Kiran Mehta answered |
The way we feel can be determined by stable individual differences in personality as well as by immediate responses to situations as they occur. Both types of emotional reaction can have an important impact on the way we behave. Mischel and Shoda (1995) describe this interplay in terms of ‘hot’ emotions having an impact on ‘cool’ cognitions.
Feeling angry, anxious or happy might impact on any of the other types of cognition, changing the way we respond. So while a person who is already feeling happy may react very positively to meeting a friend in the street, someone who is already feeling angry may lose their temper when their car is scraped in the car park. A dispositionally calm person may still become anxious when the elevator they are travelling in becomes stuck between floors.
Feeling angry, anxious or happy might impact on any of the other types of cognition, changing the way we respond. So while a person who is already feeling happy may react very positively to meeting a friend in the street, someone who is already feeling angry may lose their temper when their car is scraped in the car park. A dispositionally calm person may still become anxious when the elevator they are travelling in becomes stuck between floors.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. Which type of characteristics of a person is identified by trait theories?- a)Primary
- b)Secondary
- c)Dynamic
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. Which type of characteristics of a person is identified by trait theories?
a)
Primary
b)
Secondary
c)
Dynamic
d)
None of these
|
|
Amrita Dey answered |
Primary Characteristics Identified by Trait Theories
Traits theories are concerned with identifying the primary characteristics of a person's personality. These primary characteristics include:
- Relatively Enduring Attributes: Traits are relatively stable over time, meaning they are enduring qualities that tend to remain consistent over the long term.
- Consistency Across Situations: Traits are generally consistent across different situations. For example, a person who is sociable is likely to display sociable behaviors in various social settings.
- Variations Across Individuals: Although traits are relatively stable, the strengths and combinations of traits can vary across individuals. This variation leads to differences in personality among people.
In essence, trait theories focus on identifying and describing the fundamental characteristics that make up an individual's personality. These primary characteristics help us understand and predict how individuals are likely to behave in different situations, based on their unique combination of traits.
Traits theories are concerned with identifying the primary characteristics of a person's personality. These primary characteristics include:
- Relatively Enduring Attributes: Traits are relatively stable over time, meaning they are enduring qualities that tend to remain consistent over the long term.
- Consistency Across Situations: Traits are generally consistent across different situations. For example, a person who is sociable is likely to display sociable behaviors in various social settings.
- Variations Across Individuals: Although traits are relatively stable, the strengths and combinations of traits can vary across individuals. This variation leads to differences in personality among people.
In essence, trait theories focus on identifying and describing the fundamental characteristics that make up an individual's personality. These primary characteristics help us understand and predict how individuals are likely to behave in different situations, based on their unique combination of traits.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Sentence Completion Test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences. Reason(R): It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Sentence Completion Test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences. Reason(R): It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Sentence completion tests are a class of semi-structured projective techniques. Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as "stems", and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them. The responses are believed to provide indications of attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental states. Therefore, sentence completion technique, with such advantage, promotes the respondents to disclose their concealed feelings.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. What do the traits approach theories aim at discovering while doing psychological analysis?- a)Building Blocks
- b)Mental Blocks
- c)Hereditary Blocks
- d)All of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. What do the traits approach theories aim at discovering while doing psychological analysis?
a)
Building Blocks
b)
Mental Blocks
c)
Hereditary Blocks
d)
All of these
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Trait theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. They have identified important dimensions of personality. The Five Factor Model is the most widely accepted trait theory today.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.Reason(R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.
Reason(R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
All the three gunas are present in every person to different degrees. The dominance of a particular guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
Body typologies are more like what people hold?- a)Stereotypes
- b)Clichés
- c)Prejudices
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Body typologies are more like what people hold?
a)
Stereotypes
b)
Clichés
c)
Prejudices
d)
None
|
|
Krish Sharma answered |
Stereotypes:
Stereotypes are widely held beliefs or generalizations about a particular group of individuals. They are oversimplified and often inaccurate assumptions that people make based on limited information or preconceived notions. Body typologies, in the context of this question, refer to the categorization of people's bodies based on certain characteristics or physical attributes.
Explanation:
When it comes to body typologies, people often tend to categorize individuals into different types based on their physical appearance. These categorizations can vary across cultures, societies, and time periods. For example, some common body typologies include ectomorphs (lean and slender), mesomorphs (athletic and muscular), and endomorphs (rounded and soft).
Stereotypes vs. Clichés vs. Prejudices:
- Stereotypes: Stereotypes are generalizations or assumptions made about a group of people, in this case, based on their body types. These stereotypes can be based on societal expectations, cultural norms, or personal experiences. However, it is important to note that stereotypes do not represent the individuality or diversity within the group and can perpetuate biases and discrimination.
- Clichés: Clichés are overused expressions or ideas that have lost their originality or impact. While clichés can sometimes reflect stereotypes, they are not specifically related to body typologies. Clichés are often associated with language or expressions rather than physical characteristics.
- Prejudices: Prejudices are preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a person or group based on perceived differences. Prejudices can be based on various factors such as race, gender, religion, or body type. However, in the context of this question, body typologies are more closely related to stereotypes rather than prejudices.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, body typologies are more akin to stereotypes rather than clichés or prejudices. Stereotypes involve generalizations and assumptions about people based on their body types, which can perpetuate biases and contribute to societal expectations. It is essential to recognize and challenge these stereotypes to promote inclusivity and embrace the diversity of body types.
Stereotypes are widely held beliefs or generalizations about a particular group of individuals. They are oversimplified and often inaccurate assumptions that people make based on limited information or preconceived notions. Body typologies, in the context of this question, refer to the categorization of people's bodies based on certain characteristics or physical attributes.
Explanation:
When it comes to body typologies, people often tend to categorize individuals into different types based on their physical appearance. These categorizations can vary across cultures, societies, and time periods. For example, some common body typologies include ectomorphs (lean and slender), mesomorphs (athletic and muscular), and endomorphs (rounded and soft).
Stereotypes vs. Clichés vs. Prejudices:
- Stereotypes: Stereotypes are generalizations or assumptions made about a group of people, in this case, based on their body types. These stereotypes can be based on societal expectations, cultural norms, or personal experiences. However, it is important to note that stereotypes do not represent the individuality or diversity within the group and can perpetuate biases and discrimination.
- Clichés: Clichés are overused expressions or ideas that have lost their originality or impact. While clichés can sometimes reflect stereotypes, they are not specifically related to body typologies. Clichés are often associated with language or expressions rather than physical characteristics.
- Prejudices: Prejudices are preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a person or group based on perceived differences. Prejudices can be based on various factors such as race, gender, religion, or body type. However, in the context of this question, body typologies are more closely related to stereotypes rather than prejudices.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, body typologies are more akin to stereotypes rather than clichés or prejudices. Stereotypes involve generalizations and assumptions about people based on their body types, which can perpetuate biases and contribute to societal expectations. It is essential to recognize and challenge these stereotypes to promote inclusivity and embrace the diversity of body types.
How many areas of self-esteem do children seem to have formed by the age of 6 to 7 years?- a)Six
- b)Four
- c)Five
- d)Three
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
How many areas of self-esteem do children seem to have formed by the age of 6 to 7 years?
a)
Six
b)
Four
c)
Five
d)
Three
|
|
Prashanth Das answered |
By the age of 6 to 7 years, children have typically formed four areas of self-esteem. These areas include:
1. Academic Competence:
Children at this age start to develop a sense of their academic abilities. They begin to understand their strengths and weaknesses in different subjects and activities. Positive experiences in school, such as receiving praise or achieving good grades, contribute to their sense of academic competence. Conversely, negative experiences may lead to feelings of inadequacy or low self-worth in this area.
2. Social Acceptance:
At this stage, children become increasingly aware of their social interactions and relationships with peers. They seek acceptance and validation from their peers and teachers. Positive experiences, such as making friends or being included in group activities, enhance their sense of social acceptance. Negative experiences, such as rejection or exclusion, can impact their self-esteem in this area.
3. Physical Appearance:
Children also develop a perception of their physical appearance during this age range. They compare themselves to their peers and may become self-conscious about their looks. Positive experiences, such as receiving compliments or feeling satisfied with their appearance, contribute to a healthy self-esteem in this area. Negative experiences, such as criticism or feelings of unattractiveness, can have a negative impact on their self-image.
4. Athletic Competence:
Many children at this age engage in physical activities and sports. They start to develop a sense of their physical abilities and skills. Positive experiences, such as excelling in sports or receiving recognition for their athletic abilities, enhance their self-esteem in this area. Negative experiences, such as struggling or underperforming, may lead to feelings of incompetence or decreased self-worth.
These four areas of self-esteem encompass important aspects of a child's development and self-perception. It is crucial for parents, caregivers, and educators to provide support, encouragement, and positive reinforcement in these areas to promote healthy self-esteem. By fostering a positive self-image and providing opportunities for success and growth, we can help children develop a strong foundation of self-worth and confidence.
1. Academic Competence:
Children at this age start to develop a sense of their academic abilities. They begin to understand their strengths and weaknesses in different subjects and activities. Positive experiences in school, such as receiving praise or achieving good grades, contribute to their sense of academic competence. Conversely, negative experiences may lead to feelings of inadequacy or low self-worth in this area.
2. Social Acceptance:
At this stage, children become increasingly aware of their social interactions and relationships with peers. They seek acceptance and validation from their peers and teachers. Positive experiences, such as making friends or being included in group activities, enhance their sense of social acceptance. Negative experiences, such as rejection or exclusion, can impact their self-esteem in this area.
3. Physical Appearance:
Children also develop a perception of their physical appearance during this age range. They compare themselves to their peers and may become self-conscious about their looks. Positive experiences, such as receiving compliments or feeling satisfied with their appearance, contribute to a healthy self-esteem in this area. Negative experiences, such as criticism or feelings of unattractiveness, can have a negative impact on their self-image.
4. Athletic Competence:
Many children at this age engage in physical activities and sports. They start to develop a sense of their physical abilities and skills. Positive experiences, such as excelling in sports or receiving recognition for their athletic abilities, enhance their self-esteem in this area. Negative experiences, such as struggling or underperforming, may lead to feelings of incompetence or decreased self-worth.
These four areas of self-esteem encompass important aspects of a child's development and self-perception. It is crucial for parents, caregivers, and educators to provide support, encouragement, and positive reinforcement in these areas to promote healthy self-esteem. By fostering a positive self-image and providing opportunities for success and growth, we can help children develop a strong foundation of self-worth and confidence.
Assertion (A) : All creative children are children with exceptional intelligence.
Reason (R) : Creativity generally involves an incubation period.- a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
- b)Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- c)A is false but R is true
- d)A is true but R is false
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A) : All creative children are children with exceptional intelligence.
Reason (R) : Creativity generally involves an incubation period.
Reason (R) : Creativity generally involves an incubation period.
a)
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b)
Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c)
A is false but R is true
d)
A is true but R is false
|
|
Kiran Mehta answered |
All intelligent individuals are creative. This statement is not true as not all intelligent individuals are creative. Studies have shown that highly creative people are highly intelligent but highly intelligent people are not always creative. All creative individuals have divergent thinking abilities.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Harmann Rorschach. Reason (R): It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Harmann Rorschach. Reason (R): It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Morgan and Murray.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Use of Observation for a personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by trained people.Reason(R): Observation requires careful training of the observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to use observations to assess personality.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Use of Observation for a personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by trained people.
Reason(R): Observation requires careful training of the observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to use observations to assess personality.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Observation is a sophisticated procedure and must be carried out only by trained people.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality.
Reason (R): Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person.
- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality.
Reason (R): Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The two most common methods for assessing a personality are the Myers-Brigs Type Indicator and the Big Five Personality Model. Of the two, the MBTI is the most widely used.
To make the most out of every job interview opportunity, and jump way ahead of the competition, consider delivering the three “P” statements: Purpose, Preparation and Polish
Who developed a model of personality based on 16 trait dimensions? - a)Allport
- b)Rogers
- c)Freud
- d)Cattell
- e)Eysenck
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Who developed a model of personality based on 16 trait dimensions?
a)
Allport
b)
Rogers
c)
Freud
d)
Cattell
e)
Eysenck
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Raymond Cattell further developed Allport’s work to describe personality by traits and developed a model of 16 trait dimensions of personality. Rogers and Freud did not develop models of personality based on traits and Eysenck specified a model of personality that contained two super traits.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositionsQ. Common traits are found in ____________ of persons living in a society or culture.- a)Central dispositions
- b)Cardinal dispositions
- c)Secondary dispositions
- d)All of these
- e)all
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.
For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.
Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.
Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.
Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.
Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositions
Q. Common traits are found in ____________ of persons living in a society or culture.
a)
Central dispositions
b)
Cardinal dispositions
c)
Secondary dispositions
d)
All of these
e)
all
|
|
Anagha Pillai answered |
Understanding Common Traits
Common traits are characteristics that are prevalent among individuals within a specific society or culture. They serve as a basis for comparison and understanding of behaviors across a community.
Defining Common Traits
- General Presence: Common traits are traits found in the majority of individuals within a society or culture.
- Societal Reflection: These traits reflect the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors of the community, allowing individuals to be compared based on these attributes.
Examples of Common Traits
- Cooperativeness: If the trait of cooperativeness is exhibited by a significant number of people in a community, it qualifies as a common trait.
- Cultural Norms: Other traits like punctuality, friendliness, or respect for elders can also be classified as common traits if they are widely observed in the culture.
Contrasting with Personal Traits
- Unique Characteristics: Unlike common traits, personal traits are unique to individuals and are not necessarily shared by others in the same culture.
- Consistent Behavior: Personal traits, such as parsimony, manifest consistently across various situations for the individual but do not reflect the broader community.
Conclusion
In summary, common traits are attributes shared by a large group of individuals, making them a key part of societal behavior and cultural norms. This understanding is essential for analyzing personality differences within a community.
Common traits are characteristics that are prevalent among individuals within a specific society or culture. They serve as a basis for comparison and understanding of behaviors across a community.
Defining Common Traits
- General Presence: Common traits are traits found in the majority of individuals within a society or culture.
- Societal Reflection: These traits reflect the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors of the community, allowing individuals to be compared based on these attributes.
Examples of Common Traits
- Cooperativeness: If the trait of cooperativeness is exhibited by a significant number of people in a community, it qualifies as a common trait.
- Cultural Norms: Other traits like punctuality, friendliness, or respect for elders can also be classified as common traits if they are widely observed in the culture.
Contrasting with Personal Traits
- Unique Characteristics: Unlike common traits, personal traits are unique to individuals and are not necessarily shared by others in the same culture.
- Consistent Behavior: Personal traits, such as parsimony, manifest consistently across various situations for the individual but do not reflect the broader community.
Conclusion
In summary, common traits are attributes shared by a large group of individuals, making them a key part of societal behavior and cultural norms. This understanding is essential for analyzing personality differences within a community.
By the early years of the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud had begun to write about psychoanalysis, which he described as ‘a theory of the mind or personality, a method of investigation of unconscious process, and a method of treatment’ (1923/62). Identify the true statement from those given below, in relation to his psychoanalytic theories: - a)The concept of unconscious mental processes is the idea that unconscious motivations and needs have a role in determining our behaviour.
- b)The concept of unconscious mental processes emphasizes the rational aspects of human behaviour.
- c)A psychogenetic model of development shows how the mind is organized.
- d)A topographic model of the psyche shows how personality develops.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
By the early years of the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud had begun to write about psychoanalysis, which he described as ‘a theory of the mind or personality, a method of investigation of unconscious process, and a method of treatment’ (1923/62). Identify the true statement from those given below, in relation to his psychoanalytic theories:
a)
The concept of unconscious mental processes is the idea that unconscious motivations and needs have a role in determining our behaviour.
b)
The concept of unconscious mental processes emphasizes the rational aspects of human behaviour.
c)
A psychogenetic model of development shows how the mind is organized.
d)
A topographic model of the psyche shows how personality develops.
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Kiran Mehta answered |
Central to a psychoanalytic approach is the concept of unconscious mental processes – the idea that unconscious motivations and needs have a role in determining our behaviour. This approach also emphasizes the irrational aspects of human behaviour and portrays aggressive and sexual needs as having a major impact on personality. Freud developed a number of hypothetical models to show how the mind (or what he called the psyche) works:
- a topographic model of the psyche – or how the mind is organized;
- a structural model of the psyche – or how personality works; and
- a psychogenetic model of development – or how personality develops.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. Which of these is not considered as a part of the TAT card subset?- a)Boys
- b)Rabbit
- c)Girls
- d)Women
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. Which of these is not considered as a part of the TAT card subset?
a)
Boys
b)
Rabbit
c)
Girls
d)
Women
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|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
TAT is meant for psychological analysis of human beings and not animals.
Many Asian cultures are characterised as what?- a)Individualistic
- b)Collectivistic
- c)Particularistic
- d)High-Context
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Many Asian cultures are characterised as what?
a)
Individualistic
b)
Collectivistic
c)
Particularistic
d)
High-Context
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Many Asian cultures are characterised as collectivistic. The term personality often appears in our day-to-day discussion.
Assertion (A): Self-efficacy influences the types of behaviors people engage in.
Reason (R): Individuals with low self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenging tasks.- a)Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
- b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- c)A is true, but R is false.
- d)A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A): Self-efficacy influences the types of behaviors people engage in.
Reason (R): Individuals with low self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenging tasks.
Reason (R): Individuals with low self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenging tasks.
a)
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b)
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c)
A is true, but R is false.
d)
A is false, but R is true.
|
|
Pj Commerce Academy answered |
Self-efficacy does influence behavior, but individuals with low self-efficacy are less likely to take on challenging tasks.
Which term refers to a person’s judgment about their own value or worth- a)Self-efficacy
- b)Self-concept
- c)Self-esteem
- d)Self-regulation
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which term refers to a person’s judgment about their own value or worth
a)
Self-efficacy
b)
Self-concept
c)
Self-esteem
d)
Self-regulation
|
Learning Educators answered |
Self-esteem is the value judgment that a person makes about their worth, reflecting their overall emotional evaluation of their own self.
Match the following:A) Trait Approach 1) Focuses on unconscious motives B) Psychodynamic Approach 2) Focuses on observable behaviorsC) Humanistic Approach 3) Emphasizes personal growth D) Behavioral Approach 4) Identifies stable characteristics- a)A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
- b)A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
- c)A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
- d)A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Match the following:
A) Trait Approach 1) Focuses on unconscious motives
B) Psychodynamic Approach 2) Focuses on observable behaviors
C) Humanistic Approach 3) Emphasizes personal growth
D) Behavioral Approach 4) Identifies stable characteristics
a)
A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
b)
A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
c)
A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
d)
A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
|
|
Pj Commerce Academy answered |
The Trait Approach identifies stable characteristics, the Psychodynamic Approach focuses on unconscious motives, the Humanistic Approach emphasizes personal growth, and the Behavioral Approach focuses on observable behaviors.
In what culture is the self generally not separated from one’s own group?- a)American
- b)Italian
- c)Indian
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
In what culture is the self generally not separated from one’s own group?
a)
American
b)
Italian
c)
Indian
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
In the Indian culture, the self is generally not separated from one’s own group; rather, both remain in a state of harmonious co-existence. But at the next moment, it seems to be completely withdrawn from it and focused fully on the individual self.
Assertion (A): Freud proposed that personality is structured into three parts: id, ego, and superego.
Reason (R): The id is responsible for moral reasoning and decision-making.- a)Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
- b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- c)A is true, but R is false.
- d)A is false, but R is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A): Freud proposed that personality is structured into three parts: id, ego, and superego.
Reason (R): The id is responsible for moral reasoning and decision-making.
Reason (R): The id is responsible for moral reasoning and decision-making.
a)
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b)
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c)
A is true, but R is false.
d)
A is false, but R is true.
|
EduRev Humanities answered |
Freud did propose the structure of id, ego, and superego, but the id is not responsible for moral reasoning; that is the role of the superego.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect?Statement I: The id operates on the reality principle.
Statement II: Self-efficacy refers to a person’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
Statement III: The superego functions as the moral component of personality.
Statement IV: Freud’s psychosexual stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.- a)ii and iii
- b)i, ii and iii
- c)i only
- d)All of the statements are incorrect.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect?
Statement I: The id operates on the reality principle.
Statement II: Self-efficacy refers to a person’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
Statement III: The superego functions as the moral component of personality.
Statement IV: Freud’s psychosexual stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.
Statement II: Self-efficacy refers to a person’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
Statement III: The superego functions as the moral component of personality.
Statement IV: Freud’s psychosexual stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.
a)
ii and iii
b)
i, ii and iii
c)
i only
d)
All of the statements are incorrect.
|
|
EduRev Humanities answered |
- Statement I: Incorrect. The id operates on the pleasure principle, not the reality principle.
- Statement II: Correct. Self-efficacy indeed refers to a person's belief in their capability to succeed in specific tasks.
- Statement III: Correct. The superego is the moral component of the personality, guiding the id and ego based on societal standards.
- Statement IV: Correct. Freud proposed five psychosexual stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. How many cards are used in TAT?- a)30
- b)31
- c)32
- d)33
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. How many cards are used in TAT?
a)
30
b)
31
c)
32
d)
33
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
There are 30 black and white picture cards and 1 blank card for psychological analysis.
Which view holds clear dichotomies between self and other,man and nature, subjective and objective?- a)Southern
- b)Western
- c)Northern
- d)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which view holds clear dichotomies between self and other,man and nature, subjective and objective?
a)
Southern
b)
Western
c)
Northern
d)
None
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The western view seems to hold clear dichotomies between self and other, man and nature, subjective and objective. The Indian view does not make such clear dichotomies.
What is the third dimension that H.J Eysenck proposed?- a)New formulation
- b)Narcissistic
- c)Freud
- d)Psychoticism Vs. Sociability
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the third dimension that H.J Eysenck proposed?
a)
New formulation
b)
Narcissistic
c)
Freud
d)
Psychoticism Vs. Sociability
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
H.J Eysenck proposed athird dimension, called psychoticism vs.sociability, which is considered to interact with the other two dimensions.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. In which year was TAT developed?- a)1935
- b)1943
- c)1971
- d)1993
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. In which year was TAT developed?
a)
1935
b)
1943
c)
1971
d)
1993
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The initial TAT was developed by Morgan and Murray in 1935. The rest are the years in which elaborate details were given by these psychologists about TAT.
Each behavioural pattern refers to how many types?- a)Three
- b)One
- c)Other One
- d)Two
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Each behavioural pattern refers to how many types?
a)
Three
b)
One
c)
Other One
d)
Two
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Each behavioural pattern refers to one type in which individuals are placed in terms of the similarity of their behavioural characteristics with that pattern. In contrast, the trait approach focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ inconsistent and stable ways.
The nomothetic approach to personality emphasizes that people are __________ whereas the idiographic approach to personality emphasizes that people are __________. - a)Introverts; extroverts
- b)Extroverts; introverts
- c)Similar; unique
- d)Unique; similar
- e)Dependent; independent
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The nomothetic approach to personality emphasizes that people are __________ whereas the idiographic approach to personality emphasizes that people are __________.
a)
Introverts; extroverts
b)
Extroverts; introverts
c)
Similar; unique
d)
Unique; similar
e)
Dependent; independent
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The nomothetic approach to study personality emphasizes that all people are similar and therefore can be compared to each other because all people are governed by the same basic behavioural principles. The idiographic approach to study personality emphasizes that all people are unique and therefore cannot be compared with one another.
Which approach in personality assessment relies on the unconscious mind to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings?- a)Psychometric Test
- b)Self-report Measures
- c)Behavioral Analysis
- d)Projective Techniques
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which approach in personality assessment relies on the unconscious mind to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings?
a)
Psychometric Test
b)
Self-report Measures
c)
Behavioral Analysis
d)
Projective Techniques
|
|
Learning Educators answered |
Projective techniques are designed to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings by interpreting a person’s responses to ambiguous stimuli.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. Which of these is characteristic of traits?- a)Consistent across situations
- b)Stable over time
- c)Vary from person to person
- d)All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. Which of these is characteristic of traits?
a)
Consistent across situations
b)
Stable over time
c)
Vary from person to person
d)
All of these
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time. Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over time and across situations. The most widely used system of traits is called the Five-Factor Model. This system includes five broad traits that can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each of the major traits from the Big Five can be divided into facets to give a more fine-grained analysis of someone's personality.
Which is FALSE? Humanistic theories of personality: - a)Present a positive and optimistic view of human behaviour.
- b)Regard people as victims of their unconscious motivations and conflicts.
- c)Place an emphasis on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world.
- d)Are based on beliefs that everyone’s experience is unique, and that the individual’s perception of the world is critical to their understanding and behaviour.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which is FALSE? Humanistic theories of personality:
a)
Present a positive and optimistic view of human behaviour.
b)
Regard people as victims of their unconscious motivations and conflicts.
c)
Place an emphasis on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world.
d)
Are based on beliefs that everyone’s experience is unique, and that the individual’s perception of the world is critical to their understanding and behaviour.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Humanistic, or phenomenological, theories of personality present a positive and optimistic view of human behaviour. In complete contrast to theories from the psychodynamic tradition, people are viewed as experiencing beings rather than victims of their unconscious motivations and conflicts. So the emphasis here is on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world. Fundamental to these theories are the beliefs that everyone’s experience is unique, and the individual’s perception of the world is critical to their understanding and behaviour. Humanistic theories have formed the basis of many therapeutic procedures on which modern counselling techniques are based.
Which of the following statements are true or false about the concepts of self and personality? - Self-esteem is a person's judgment of their own value or worth.
- The ego operates based on the pleasure principle.
- a)Statement 1 is true.
- b)Both the statements are true.
- c)Statement 2 is true.
- d)Both the statements are false.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statements are true or false about the concepts of self and personality?
- Self-esteem is a person's judgment of their own value or worth.
- The ego operates based on the pleasure principle.
a)
Statement 1 is true.
b)
Both the statements are true.
c)
Statement 2 is true.
d)
Both the statements are false.
|
|
Pj Commerce Academy answered |
Statement 1 is true as self-esteem is indeed a person’s judgment of their own value or worth.
Statement 2 is false as the ego operates based on the reality principle, not the pleasure principle.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?Statement I: The Five-Factor Model of Personality includes traits such as Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion.
Statement II: The cultural approach to personality focuses on unconscious motives.
Statement III: Carl Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion in personality theory.
Statement IV: The behavioral approach to personality emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors.- a)i and ii
- b)ii and iii
- c)iv only
- d)i and iii
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
Statement I: The Five-Factor Model of Personality includes traits such as Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion.
Statement II: The cultural approach to personality focuses on unconscious motives.
Statement III: Carl Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion in personality theory.
Statement IV: The behavioral approach to personality emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors.
Statement II: The cultural approach to personality focuses on unconscious motives.
Statement III: Carl Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion in personality theory.
Statement IV: The behavioral approach to personality emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors.
a)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
c)
iv only
d)
i and iii
|
|
EduRev Humanities answered |
- Statement I: Correct. The Five-Factor Model includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
- Statement II: Incorrect. The cultural approach focuses on the influence of cultural and ecological factors on personality, not unconscious motives.
- Statement III: Correct. Carl Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion in his personality theory.
- Statement IV: Incorrect. The behavioral approach focuses on observable behaviors but does not emphasize unconscious motives; that is the domain of the psychodynamic approach.
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