All questions of Waste Management for Primary 6 Exam

Nonbiodegradable materials do not decompose over a short period of time. Materials such as plastics, glass bottles and metals will often remain completely intact in the environment for many years. In fact, items like glass bottles may never biodegrade.

A is the correct answer

The most important reason for proper waste management is to protect the environment and for the health and safety of the population. Certain types of waste can be hazardous and can pollute the environment.  Cost savings – managing the waste your business produces can result in valuable materials to reuse.

Explanation:
Garbage is a mixture of different types of waste materials. Some of these waste materials can rot and decay completely without emitting any foul smell. When this happens, the waste materials can be converted into manure or mixed with soil to provide nutrients to plants. This is because the waste materials have broken down into their basic organic components, which are rich in nutrients that plants need to grow.

Benefits of using garbage as manure:
- Manure made from garbage is an organic fertilizer that is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These nutrients are essential for plant growth and development.
- Garbage manure is eco-friendly and helps to reduce waste in landfills.
- It is cost-effective and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers, which can be expensive and harmful to the environment.

Benefits of mixing garbage with soil:
- When garbage is mixed with soil, it helps to improve the soil's fertility and structure. This is because the organic components in the garbage help to retain moisture in the soil, prevent soil erosion, and increase nutrient availability.
- The soil becomes more porous, allowing air and water to penetrate easily, which benefits plant growth.
- Soil that has been enriched with garbage is better able to support a diverse range of plant species.

In conclusion, converting garbage into manure or mixing it with soil is an effective way to reduce waste, improve soil fertility, and promote plant growth. This is an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution that benefits both the environment and agriculture.

Coffee, Tea, Vegetable and fruit waste- all are biodegradable. So correct answer is option d

Understanding the Correct Answer: "Burn"
The sentence provided is about handling garbage, and the correct answer is "Burn." Let's break down why this option is the most appropriate.
Reasons to Avoid Burning Garbage
- Environmental Impact: Burning garbage releases toxic pollutants into the air, harming both the environment and human health. These emissions can contribute to air pollution and respiratory issues.
- Waste of Resources: Many items that are thrown away can be recycled or repurposed. Burning them eliminates the possibility of reusing valuable materials.
- Climate Change Contribution: The combustion of waste can release greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change. This is detrimental to our planet's health and future.
Alternatives to Burning Garbage
- Collecting: Collecting garbage is the first step in waste management, ensuring it is removed from living spaces but does not address the disposal method.
- Decomposing: Decomposition naturally occurs in organic waste, which can be processed to enrich soil instead of being burned.
- Composting: Composting is an eco-friendly alternative that allows organic waste to break down naturally, creating nutrient-rich soil while avoiding harmful emissions.
Conclusion
In summary, the answer "Burn" highlights the negative aspects of this disposal method. It is essential to focus on sustainable practices like recycling, composting, and responsible waste management to protect our environment and promote a healthier future.

Non-biodegradable and harmful nature of polythene and plastics

Polythene and plastics are synthetic materials that are widely used in our daily lives due to their durability, flexibility, and low cost. However, they pose a significant threat to the environment and living organisms due to their non-biodegradable and harmful nature.

1. Non-biodegradable nature:
- Polythene and plastics are composed of long chains of polymers that are resistant to natural degradation processes.
- Unlike organic materials such as paper or wood, which can be broken down by microorganisms, polythene and plastics do not decompose easily.
- As a result, they persist in the environment for hundreds of years, leading to the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills, oceans, and other natural habitats.

2. Environmental impact:
- Plastics and polythene waste, when improperly disposed of, end up in landfills or find their way into water bodies.
- These materials release harmful chemicals into the soil and water, leading to pollution and the destruction of ecosystems.
- Plastic waste can also entangle and suffocate marine animals, causing injury or death. Additionally, marine animals may mistake plastic debris for food, leading to ingestion and subsequent health issues.

3. Microplastics:
- When plastics and polythene degrade under sunlight, heat, or mechanical action, they break down into smaller fragments called microplastics.
- Microplastics are tiny particles that can range in size from a few millimeters to microscopic dimensions.
- These particles are so small that they can be easily ingested by marine organisms and can enter the food chain, ultimately affecting human health.

4. Chemical leaching:
- Plastics and polythene can release toxic chemicals into the environment over time.
- When exposed to heat or sunlight, plastic containers may release harmful substances like bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, which can have adverse effects on human health.

5. Visual pollution:
- Plastic waste is a major contributor to visual pollution, especially in urban areas.
- Plastic bags, bottles, and other discarded plastic items litter streets, parks, and other public spaces, diminishing the aesthetic appeal of the environment.

In conclusion, polythene and plastics are non-biodegradable materials that have a detrimental impact on the environment. Their persistence, along with the release of harmful chemicals and the formation of microplastics, poses serious threats to ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. It is essential to reduce plastic consumption, promote recycling, and adopt sustainable alternatives to mitigate these harmful effects.

Explanation:

Introduction:
Red worms, also known as compost worms or Eisenia fetida, are commonly used in composting and vermicomposting. They play a crucial role in breaking down organic waste materials and converting them into nutrient-rich compost. Creating a comfortable home for red worms is essential to ensure their health and optimal composting activity.

Options:
a) Dig a pit about 30 cm deep.
b) Dig a pit about 30 cm deep at a place which is very hot.
c) Dig a pit about 30 cm deep at a place which is very cold.
d) Dig a pit 30 cm deep at a place which is neither too hot nor too cold.

Explanation of the correct answer - Option D:
To create a comfortable home for red worms, it is important to provide them with suitable temperature conditions. Extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold, can be detrimental to their well-being. Therefore, the correct answer is option D, which suggests digging a pit 30 cm deep at a place which is neither too hot nor too cold.

Reasoning:
1. Red worms are sensitive to temperature fluctuations and thrive in moderate temperatures between 15-25 degrees Celsius.
2. If the pit is dug in a place that is very hot, the high temperatures can cause the worms to dry out and die. Excessive heat can also accelerate the decomposition process, making it difficult for the worms to keep up with the rate of decomposition.
3. On the other hand, if the pit is dug in a place that is very cold, the low temperatures can slow down the worms' metabolic activity, leading to decreased feeding and reproduction. In extreme cold conditions, the worms may even go into a state of dormancy or die.
4. Digging a pit about 30 cm deep at a place which is neither too hot nor too cold provides a stable and moderate environment for the red worms. This depth helps to provide insulation against temperature fluctuations from the surrounding environment.
5. Additionally, maintaining the pit at ground level or slightly elevated helps to prevent waterlogging, which can be harmful to the worms.

Conclusion:
Creating a comfortable home for red worms involves considering their temperature requirements. Option D, which suggests digging a pit 30 cm deep at a place which is neither too hot nor too cold, provides the best environment for the worms to thrive and carry out their composting activities effectively.

( C ) To Landfills
Safai-karamcharis collect the garbage in trucks and take it to a low lying open area , called a landfill ( Fig. 16. 1). there the part of the garbage that can be refused is separated out from the one that cannot be used as such.

Red worm

The answer is Dustbins because if we will throw trash anywhere we want can make many people sick because mosquitoes will spread in that area

Understanding Plastic Waste Reduction
To tackle the growing issue of plastic waste, option 'C'—minimizing its use—emerges as the most effective and sustainable solution. Here’s why:
Environmental Impact
- Reducing plastic use directly diminishes the amount of waste generated.
- Less plastic in circulation means reduced pollution in our oceans, rivers, and landscapes.
- It helps protect wildlife that is often harmed by plastic waste.
Sustainable Alternatives
- By minimizing plastic, we can encourage the use of biodegradable or reusable materials.
- Options like cloth bags, glass containers, and metal straws are eco-friendly alternatives.
- Shifting to these alternatives fosters a culture of sustainability among consumers.
Long-term Solutions
- Minimizing plastic use promotes a circular economy, where resources are reused and recycled.
- It encourages innovation in product design, leading to more sustainable practices in manufacturing.
- This approach not only addresses the current waste problem but helps prevent future issues.
Community Awareness
- By choosing to minimize plastic use, individuals can inspire others in their community to follow suit.
- Educational initiatives can spread awareness about the harmful effects of plastic and the benefits of reducing its use.
- Collective action can lead to significant changes at local, national, and global levels.
In conclusion, while options like burying, burning, or dumping plastic may seem like immediate solutions, they fail to address the root cause of plastic waste. Minimizing use fosters a more sustainable future by reducing waste, promoting alternatives, and encouraging community involvement.

Production of Bio Gas using Animals Excreta

Bio gas is a type of renewable energy source that is produced through the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is primarily composed of methane gas (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with small amounts of other gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitrogen (N2). Bio gas can be produced using various organic materials, including animals excreta.

Process of Bio Gas Production:

The production of bio gas using animals excreta involves the following steps:

1. Collection of Animals Excreta: The first step is to collect the excreta of animals such as cows, buffaloes, pigs, or poultry. These excreta contain organic matter such as dung and urine, which are rich in bacteria and other microorganisms.

2. Mixing with Water: The collected excreta are mixed with water to create a slurry. This slurry provides a suitable environment for the growth and activity of anaerobic bacteria, which are responsible for the fermentation process.

3. Anaerobic Fermentation: The slurry is then transferred to a bio gas digester, which is an airtight container or pit. The digester provides an oxygen-free environment necessary for anaerobic fermentation. Anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry break down the organic matter and produce bio gas as a byproduct.

4. Methane Production: During the fermentation process, the anaerobic bacteria convert the organic matter into simpler compounds such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane is the primary component of bio gas and is responsible for its combustible properties.

5. Storage and Utilization: The produced bio gas is stored in a separate chamber in the digester, where it can be collected and used as a source of energy. It can be used for cooking, heating, or generating electricity.

Advantages of Bio Gas Production using Animals Excreta:

- Renewable Energy: Bio gas is a renewable source of energy as it is produced from organic waste materials, which are continually generated.

- Waste Management: The use of animals excreta for bio gas production helps in managing and utilizing the organic waste effectively, reducing the environmental impact.

- Energy Independence: Bio gas production provides a decentralized source of energy, reducing dependency on fossil fuels and grid-based electricity.

- Reduced Emissions: The combustion of bio gas produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, contributing to reduced carbon footprint and mitigating climate change.

- Nutrient-Rich Residue: The leftover material after the fermentation process, known as bio slurry, is a nutrient-rich fertilizer that can be used in agriculture, improving soil fertility.

In conclusion, bio gas can be produced using animals excreta through a process of anaerobic fermentation. This sustainable energy source not only helps in waste management but also provides a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional forms of energy.

The correct answer is option 'D' which means any one of net, chicken mess and wire mesh can be spread at the bottom of the pit dug to make a home for red worms. This is because red worms need a moist and organic substrate or bedding to live in where they can eat and convert it into castings. Moisture and organic matter are essential for a healthy habitat for the red worms. The pit dug should have a wire mesh at the bottom which will help keep the worms in and other pests out. Additionally, a net, chicken mess or any combination of these three can be used as bedding for the red worms. This will provide them with the nutrients they need to thrive.

Process of Waste Treatment - Sewage Treatment
The process of waste treatment, specifically for domestic and industrial wastewater, is commonly referred to as sewage treatment. Sewage treatment involves several steps to ensure that harmful contaminants are removed from the water before it is discharged back into the environment.

Key Steps in Sewage Treatment:
- Primary Treatment: In this initial stage, large solids are removed from the wastewater through physical processes like screening and sedimentation. This helps in reducing the overall organic load in the water.
- Secondary Treatment: This stage involves biological processes where microorganisms break down the organic matter present in the water. This step is crucial in reducing the levels of harmful pollutants.
- Tertiary Treatment: The final stage of sewage treatment involves further filtration and disinfection to remove any remaining impurities and pathogens. Methods like chlorination are often used to ensure that the treated water is safe for discharge.
- Reuse and Recycling: In some cases, the treated wastewater can be recycled for non-potable purposes like irrigation or industrial processes. This helps in conserving water resources and reducing the strain on freshwater sources.

Importance of Sewage Treatment:
- Protecting the Environment: Proper sewage treatment helps in preventing the contamination of water bodies like rivers and lakes, which can have detrimental effects on aquatic life and ecosystems.
- Public Health: By removing harmful pollutants and pathogens from wastewater, sewage treatment helps in safeguarding public health and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases.
- Sustainable Practices: Implementing effective sewage treatment practices promotes sustainable water management and ensures the long-term availability of clean water resources for future generations.

Understanding Composting and its Benefits
Composting is an excellent habit to preserve ecosystems for several reasons. It involves the natural process of recycling organic material, such as food scraps and yard waste, into a rich soil amendment known as compost.
Key Benefits of Composting

• Reduces Waste: Composting diverts organic waste from landfills, where it would otherwise decompose anaerobically and produce harmful greenhouse gases.
• Enhances Soil Health: Compost enriches the soil by adding essential nutrients and improving its structure, promoting healthier plant growth.
• Supports Biodiversity: Healthy soil supports diverse organisms, including beneficial bacteria, fungi, and earthworms, which contribute to a balanced ecosystem.
• Water Conservation: Compost improves soil's water retention capabilities, reducing the need for frequent watering and promoting sustainable gardening practices.
• Reduces Chemical Use: By enhancing soil fertility naturally, composting decreases the reliance on chemical fertilizers, which can harm ecosystems when they leach into waterways.

Why Other Options are Harmful

• Burning Wastes: This practice releases toxic pollutants and contributes to air pollution, harming both human health and the environment.
• Throwing in Water Bodies: Disposing of waste in water bodies pollutes aquatic ecosystems, endangering marine life and disrupting habitats.
• Using Portable Water for Cleaning Cars: This practice wastes valuable water resources, which could be better utilized, especially in areas facing water scarcity.

In summary, composting is an environmentally friendly practice that not only helps in waste management but also plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem.

Option a is correct answer

A landfill is a low lying open area where the garbage collected from a city or town is dumped. It is the correct answer because it encompasses all the key characteristics of a landfill.

1. Definition of a landfill:
- A landfill is a designated area where waste materials are disposed of by burial.
- It is a controlled method of waste management, where garbage is carefully deposited in layers and compacted to minimize environmental impact.

2. Characteristics of a landfill:
- Low-lying open area: Landfills are typically situated in low-lying areas that are away from residential and commercial areas.
- Garbage collection point: Landfills receive garbage collected from cities or towns. Municipal waste management systems transport the garbage to the landfill.
- Dumping site: Once at the landfill, the garbage is dumped or deposited in designated areas.
- Controlled dumping: The waste is systematically placed in layers or cells, ensuring proper compaction and containment.
- Environmental regulations: Landfills must adhere to strict environmental regulations to minimize pollution and protect the surrounding ecosystem.

3. Function and purpose of a landfill:
- Waste disposal: The primary function of a landfill is to provide a designated location for waste disposal.
- Waste containment: Landfills are designed to contain and isolate waste materials to prevent contamination of soil, water, and air.
- Methane gas management: Landfills produce methane gas as waste decomposes. Proper landfill design includes systems to collect and manage this gas to prevent its release into the atmosphere.

4. Importance and challenges of landfill management:
- Environmental impact: Poorly managed landfills can contaminate soil and water, emit harmful gases, and contribute to environmental degradation.
- Need for proper waste management: Landfills play a crucial role in managing waste generated by human activities. They provide a controlled and organized method of waste disposal.
- Sustainability and innovation: Efforts are being made to improve landfill management by implementing recycling, waste-to-energy technologies, and promoting sustainable waste management practices.

In conclusion, a landfill is a low-lying open area where garbage collected from a city or town is dumped. It serves as a designated location for waste disposal, ensuring proper containment and environmental management.

Understanding Non-Biodegradable Waste
Waste can be categorized into two main types: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Biodegradable waste is organic matter that can decompose naturally, while non-biodegradable waste does not break down easily in the environment.
What is Non-Biodegradable Waste?
Non-biodegradable waste refers to materials that cannot be broken down by natural processes. These materials persist in the environment for long periods, leading to pollution and other environmental issues.
Examples of Non-Biodegradable Waste
- Plastic: This is the most common example of non-biodegradable waste. Plastic products like bags, bottles, and containers can take hundreds of years to decompose.
- Synthetic Fibers: Items made from synthetic materials are also non-biodegradable.
Why is Plastic Non-Biodegradable?
- Chemical Composition: Plastics are made from polymers, which are long chains of molecules that do not easily break down.
- Environmental Impact: When plastic waste accumulates, it can harm wildlife, pollute oceans, and contribute to landfills.
Comparison with Biodegradable Waste
- Cotton Cloths: These are made from natural fibers and decompose easily.
- Vegetable and Fruit Peels: These organic materials break down quickly and enrich the soil.
- Plants and Animals Excreta: They are organic and contribute to nutrient cycling in the ecosystem.
Conclusion
In summary, option 'C' (Plastic) is the correct answer because it is non-biodegradable waste that poses significant environmental challenges, unlike the other options that are biodegradable. Understanding the difference helps in making better choices for waste management and environmental conservation.

By whom is garbage taken away from dust-bins?
Answer:
The garbage is taken away from dust-bins by Safai-Karamcharis.

The correct answer is option B: Garbage is separated into useful and non-useful components and then spread over the landfill site.

**Explanation:**

Garbage disposal is an essential part of waste management to ensure the cleanliness and hygiene of our surroundings. Landfills are one of the most common methods used for garbage disposal. In a landfill site, garbage is properly managed to minimize its negative impact on the environment.

Below is a detailed explanation of how garbage is handled at a landfill site:

**1. Collection and Transportation:**
Garbage is collected from various sources such as households, commercial establishments, and industries. It is then transported to the landfill site using garbage trucks or other suitable means of transportation.

**2. Initial Sorting:**
Upon arrival at the landfill site, the garbage is sorted to remove any large or hazardous items that may pose a risk to the environment or workers. This initial sorting helps in ensuring the safety and efficiency of the landfill operations.

**3. Separation of Useful and Non-useful Components:**
After the initial sorting, the garbage is further separated into useful and non-useful components. This separation process involves sorting the waste into different categories such as organic waste, recyclable materials, and non-recyclable waste.

**4. Composting of Organic Waste:**
Organic waste, such as food scraps and garden waste, is separated and processed through composting. Composting is a natural decomposition process that converts organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, which can be used as a soil conditioner in agriculture and gardening.

**5. Recycling of Recyclable Materials:**
Recyclable materials like paper, plastic, glass, and metal are separated and sent to recycling facilities. These materials are processed and converted into new products, reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the amount of waste sent to landfills.

**6. Disposal of Non-recyclable Waste:**
Non-recyclable waste, which cannot be composted or recycled, is spread and compacted over the landfill site. This process helps to reduce the volume of waste and creates additional space for future waste disposal.

**7. Environmental Protection Measures:**
To minimize the environmental impact, landfill sites are designed with liners and collection systems to prevent the contamination of groundwater and soil. Additionally, methane gas generated by the decomposition of organic waste is captured and used as a source of renewable energy.

By separating garbage into useful and non-useful components, landfill sites can effectively manage waste disposal while promoting recycling and composting. This approach helps reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and contributes to a more sustainable waste management system.