All questions of The Delhi Sultanate for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Alai darwaza is a correct answer.

Balban

Token Currency issued by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq

Token currency was a form of currency issued by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq during his rule in the 14th century. It was a unique form of currency that had no intrinsic value and was made of base metals.

Metal Used for Token Currency

The metal used by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq for issuing token currency was copper. Copper was a common and easily available metal during that time, making it an ideal choice for issuing token currency. The copper coins were issued in large numbers and were used to pay salaries to the army and officials.

Reasons for Issuing Token Currency

There were several reasons why Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq introduced token currency. Some of them are:

1. Shortage of Precious Metals: During Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's reign, there was a shortage of precious metals like gold and silver. Token currency was introduced as an alternative to these metals.

2. Administrative Convenience: The use of token currency made it easier for the government to collect taxes and pay salaries to the army and officials.

3. Control over the Economy: By issuing token currency, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq aimed to have greater control over the economy. The government could control the supply of money and regulate prices.

Impact of Token Currency

The introduction of token currency had both positive and negative effects. Some of the positive impacts were:

1. Increase in Trade: The use of token currency made it easier for traders to conduct business. It led to an increase in trade and commerce.

2. Revenue Collection: The government could collect taxes more efficiently with the use of token currency.

However, there were also negative effects of token currency, such as:

1. Inflation: The over-issuance of token currency led to inflation as the value of the currency decreased.

2. Loss of Confidence: The use of token currency led to a loss of confidence in the government and the currency. People preferred to use other forms of currency like gold and silver.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's issuance of token currency was a unique and interesting approach to currency during his rule. The use of copper for issuing token currency was an ideal choice given the availability of the metal during the time. While there were both positive and negative effects of token currency, it remains an important part of Indian history.

The correct answer is option 'A', Pratap Rudra II.

Pratap Rudra II was the ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty, which was a powerful kingdom in South India during the medieval period. He ruled from 1295 to 1323 CE, and his reign was marked by several conflicts with neighboring kingdoms, including the Delhi Sultanate.

In 1303, the army of Ala-ud-din Khalji, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, invaded the Kakatiya kingdom. Ala-ud-din Khalji was known for his military campaigns and expansionist policies, and he aimed to conquer the southern territories. However, Pratap Rudra II, with his strategic military skills and strong defense, managed to defeat the army of Ala-ud-din Khalji.

The defeat of the Delhi Sultanate's army by Pratap Rudra II was a significant event in the history of South India. It showcased the military prowess and resilience of the Kakatiya dynasty, and it also served as a deterrent to further invasions from the Delhi Sultanate.

Pratap Rudra II's victory over Ala-ud-din Khalji can be attributed to several factors:

1. Geographic Advantage: The Kakatiya kingdom was situated in a region with natural barriers like rivers and hills, which made it difficult for the Delhi Sultanate's army to penetrate deep into the territory.

2. Military Strategy: Pratap Rudra II devised effective military strategies to counter the Delhi Sultanate's army. He used guerrilla warfare tactics, ambushes, and surprise attacks to weaken and demoralize the enemy.

3. Strong Defense: The Kakatiya kingdom had a well-fortified capital city, Warangal, which was difficult to breach. The city was protected by massive walls, moats, and numerous defensive structures, making it a formidable stronghold.

4. Unity and Support: Pratap Rudra II had the support and loyalty of his subjects, which played a crucial role in defending the kingdom. The people of the Kakatiya kingdom rallied behind their ruler and fought bravely against the invading army.

5. Leadership and Skill: Pratap Rudra II was an able and skilled ruler. He was known for his military acumen, bravery, and astute decision-making. His leadership qualities inspired his troops and boosted their morale.

In conclusion, Pratap Rudra II, the ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty, successfully defeated the army of Ala-ud-din Khalji in 1303. His victory was a testament to his military prowess, strategic planning, and the support of his subjects. This event holds significant historical importance in the context of the medieval period in South India.

B

Answer:

During Firuz Tughlaq's long reign of 40 years, there was only one rebellion by a noble. The noble who rebelled against Firuz Tughlaq was Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid.

Rebellion by Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid:
Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid was a powerful noble and the governor of Multan during Firuz Tughlaq's reign. He rebelled against Firuz Tughlaq in 1351 AD, towards the end of Firuz Tughlaq's reign.

Reasons for the Rebellion:
1. Oppression and Tyranny: Firuz Tughlaq was known for his oppressive and tyrannical rule. He imposed heavy taxes on the people, which burdened them. Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid, being a governor, may have witnessed the suffering of the people and decided to rebel against Firuz Tughlaq's unjust rule.

2. Power Struggle: Nobles during the Delhi Sultanate often engaged in power struggles to increase their own influence and authority. Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid may have rebelled in an attempt to gain more power and control over his region.

3. Dissatisfaction with Firuz Tughlaq's Administration: Firuz Tughlaq's administration was known for its inefficiency and corruption. Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid, being a governor, may have been dissatisfied with Firuz Tughlaq's administration and rebelled to voice his discontent.

Outcome of the Rebellion:
The rebellion by Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid was suppressed by Firuz Tughlaq's forces. Firuz Tughlaq sent an army led by his son-in-law, Malik Maqbul, to quell the rebellion. Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid was defeated and captured, and he was brought back to Delhi as a prisoner.

Firuz Tughlaq pardoned Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid and allowed him to retain his governorship of Multan. However, this rebellion marked a significant challenge to Firuz Tughlaq's authority and showcased the discontent among the nobles during his reign.

Conclusion:
While Firuz Tughlaq's reign of 40 years was relatively stable, there was one rebellion by a noble. Malik Shamsuddin Damghanid's rebellion was driven by factors such as oppression, power struggles, and dissatisfaction with Firuz Tughlaq's administration. This rebellion was suppressed by Firuz Tughlaq, but it highlighted the challenges he faced in maintaining control over his empire.

B) Balban

Introduction:
The Sultanate of Delhi was a medieval Muslim kingdom that ruled over parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The sultans of Delhi played a crucial role in shaping the political, social, and cultural landscape of the region. Among the various sultans, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the first to recruit foreigners as his officers but later opened up all highest offices to all classes of Indians based solely on merit.

Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and his Foreign Officers:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1325 and was known for his ambitious and innovative policies. One of his notable actions was the recruitment of foreigners as his officers. He believed that foreigners would be more loyal and efficient in administering the kingdom. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq recruited people from regions like Central Asia, Persia, and Iraq to serve as his officers. These foreigners brought with them different administrative skills and cultural perspectives, which influenced the functioning of the Delhi Sultanate.

The Opening of Highest Offices to Indians:
Despite initially relying on foreigners, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq later realized the importance of indigenous talent and opened up all highest offices to all classes of Indians. This decision was a departure from the norm of the time, as social status and lineage often determined one's eligibility for important positions. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq recognized that merit should be the primary criterion for appointing individuals to high offices.

Reasons for the Change in Policy:
There were several reasons that prompted Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq to change his recruitment policy and open up highest offices to Indians:

1. Administrative Challenges: The recruitment of foreigners faced practical difficulties, including language barriers and cultural differences. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq recognized that Indians who were familiar with local customs and traditions would be better suited to perform administrative tasks effectively.

2. Financial Constraints: The Sultanate faced financial strains due to the expensive maintenance of a large army and ambitious projects like the shifting of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Appointing Indians to high offices, who were generally paid lower salaries than foreigners, helped reduce the financial burden.

3. Political Stability: By opening up high offices to Indians, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq aimed to ensure political stability and the loyalty of the local population. This decision helped in fostering a sense of inclusion and belonging among the Indian subjects, strengthening the Sultanate's grip on power.

Conclusion:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's decision to recruit foreigners as officers initially and later open up highest offices to all classes of Indians based on merit reflects his pragmatism and flexibility as a ruler. This policy change aimed to address the practical challenges faced by the Sultanate and promote administrative efficiency and political stability. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's reign marked a significant shift in the recruitment policies of the Delhi Sultanate and contributed to the evolution of the administrative system in medieval India.

Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji referred to himself as the Caliph among the given Sultans of Delhi. Here is an explanation of this answer:

Introduction:
The Caliph is the title given to the political and religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It signifies the leader of the entire Muslim community and holds great significance in the Islamic world.

Explanation:
Among the given options, Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji regarded himself as the Caliph. Let's understand the reasons behind this:

Establishment of the Khalji Dynasty:
- Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji was a prominent figure in the Khalji dynasty, which ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320.
- He was the founder of the dynasty after overthrowing the last ruler of the Slave dynasty, Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, in 1290.
- Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji took over as the Sultan of Delhi and proclaimed himself as the Caliph, signifying his authority as both the political and religious leader.

Religious Justification:
- Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji justified his claim of being the Caliph based on his religious beliefs.
- As the Caliph, he aimed to establish his authority not only as a ruler but also as the supreme leader of the Muslim community in India.
- This title gave him the legitimacy to exert control over religious matters and establish Islamic law (Sharia) throughout his kingdom.

Political Implications:
- By assuming the title of Caliph, Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji aimed to consolidate his power and gain the support of the Muslim population.
- The title held immense religious significance and commanded respect from the believers.
- It also helped him to assert his authority over other Muslim rulers in the region, portraying himself as the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

Conclusion:
Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji, the founder of the Khalji dynasty, regarded himself as the Caliph. This title not only gave him religious authority but also helped him consolidate his power and establish his legitimacy as the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.

Introduction:
Nauroz is a famous Persian festival that is celebrated to mark the beginning of the new year. It is an ancient festival that dates back to the time of the Persian Empire. The festival is celebrated on the first day of the Persian calendar, which usually falls on March 21st.

Who introduced the festival of Nauroz?
The festival of Nauroz was introduced by Balban, who was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Balban was a Persianized Turkic ruler who was known for his love of Persian culture and traditions. He is credited with introducing the festival of Nauroz to the people of India.

Significance of Nauroz:
Nauroz is a festival that is celebrated by people of various religions and cultures. It is a time of renewal and rejuvenation, and it is believed that the festival brings good luck and prosperity for the year ahead. The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and involves various traditions and rituals.

Celebration of Nauroz:
The celebration of Nauroz involves various traditions and rituals. People clean their homes and decorate them with flowers and other decorations. They wear new clothes and prepare special dishes to share with family and friends. The festival is also marked by the exchange of gifts and greetings.

Conclusion:
Nauroz is a festival that has been celebrated for centuries and is an important part of Persian culture and tradition. The festival was introduced to India by Balban, who was a Persianized Turkic ruler. The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and involves various traditions and rituals.

C

Balban, the ruler of Delhi Sultanate, was the first to order a huge bell to be hung at the gate of his palace so that an aggrieved person could ring it at any time. Let's understand why he did so and the significance of this act.

Background
Balban ruled from 1266 to 1287 AD and was known for his strict and authoritarian rule. He believed in the concept of kingship and emphasized the need for a strong ruler who could maintain law and order in the kingdom. He introduced several administrative reforms to strengthen the central authority and curb the power of nobles.

The Bell
Balban ordered the installation of a huge bell at the gate of his palace in Delhi. The bell was meant to serve as a symbol of justice and accessibility to the common people. Anyone who felt aggrieved or wronged could come to the palace and ring the bell to draw the attention of the king. Balban believed that this act would help him connect with the people and address their grievances.

Significance
The installation of the bell was a significant act in the history of Delhi Sultanate. It symbolized Balban's commitment to justice and accessibility. By allowing the common people to approach him directly, Balban tried to bridge the gap between the ruler and the ruled. This act also helped to promote the idea of kingship and establish the authority of the central government.

Conclusion
Balban's act of ordering a huge bell to be hung at the gate of his palace was a remarkable move. It showed his concern for the welfare of his subjects and his willingness to listen to their grievances. This act also helped to establish the authority of the central government and promote the idea of kingship.

The correct answer is b) Ala-ud-din Khalji.

Ala-ud-din Khalji was a powerful and influential sultan of the Khalji dynasty who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1296 to 1316 AD. He is known for his strong and autocratic rule. To maintain his power and control, he took several measures, including banning banquets and assemblies and establishing an extensive spy network throughout the country.

Below are the details explaining why Ala-ud-din Khalji banned banquets and assemblies and peppered the country with his spies:

**Banquets and Assemblies Ban:**
- Ala-ud-din Khalji banned banquets and assemblies as a measure to prevent conspiracies against his rule.
- Banquets and assemblies were often attended by nobles, courtiers, and other influential people who could potentially plot against the sultan.
- By banning these gatherings, Khalji aimed to eliminate the possibility of secret meetings and discussions that could undermine his authority.
- This ban helped him to control and monitor the activities of the nobles and prevent any organized opposition.

**Establishment of Spy Network:**
- Ala-ud-din Khalji established an extensive spy network in order to gather information and keep a close watch on his subjects.
- He appointed spies and informers known as "Barids" who were responsible for collecting intelligence from different parts of the kingdom.
- These spies were spread throughout the country and reported directly to the sultan.
- The spies provided valuable information about any potential conspiracies, rebellions, or threats to the sultan's rule.
- The intelligence gathered by the spies helped Khalji to take preemptive actions against his enemies and maintain a strong grip on power.

**Reasons for these measures:**
- Ala-ud-din Khalji faced several challenges to his rule, including internal opposition from powerful nobles, external invasions, and rebellions in different parts of the kingdom.
- He implemented these measures to consolidate his power, suppress any dissent, and prevent any organized resistance against his rule.
- By banning banquets and assemblies, he eliminated the opportunities for nobles and other influential people to gather and plan against him.
- The establishment of a spy network helped him to identify and neutralize potential threats before they could become significant challenges to his rule.

In conclusion, Ala-ud-din Khalji banned banquets and assemblies and established a spy network as measures to maintain his power, suppress dissent, and prevent conspiracies against his rule. These measures were aimed at consolidating his authority and ensuring stability in the Delhi Sultanate.

B

Mahmud of Ghazni was a prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire from 997 to 1030. He is known for his numerous invasions into the Indian subcontinent, during which he conquered and annexed various territories. One of his notable conquests was the annexation of Peshawar and Punjab.

The answer to the question is option 'A' - Hindushahis. Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the Hindushahis to conquer and annex Peshawar and Punjab.

The Hindushahis were a dynasty that ruled over the region of Gandhara, which included Peshawar and parts of Punjab, from the 9th to the 10th century. They were of Hindu origin and had managed to maintain their independence for several centuries. However, Mahmud of Ghazni saw their territories as a valuable addition to his expanding empire and launched a series of invasions to conquer them.

To understand this conquest in more detail, let's break it down into key points:

1. Mahmud's invasions: Mahmud of Ghazni launched a total of 17 expeditions into the Indian subcontinent between 1000 and 1027. These invasions were primarily aimed at plundering the wealth and resources of the region and expanding the influence of the Ghaznavid Empire.

2. The Battle of Peshawar: Mahmud's conquest of Peshawar is often associated with the Battle of Peshawar, which took place in 1001. The Hindushahi ruler Jayapala led a resistance against Mahmud's forces but was defeated. As a result, Peshawar came under the control of Mahmud.

3. Annexation of Punjab: After conquering Peshawar, Mahmud set his sights on Punjab. He launched several campaigns into the region, defeating various local rulers and annexing their territories. The exact timeline and details of these campaigns may vary, but ultimately Mahmud succeeded in bringing Punjab under his rule.

4. Legacy of Mahmud's conquests: Mahmud's conquest of Peshawar and Punjab had significant implications for the region. It marked the beginning of Ghaznavid rule in these territories and established a Muslim presence in the area. The Ghaznavids played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent.

In conclusion, Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the Hindushahis to conquer and annex Peshawar and Punjab. His conquests were part of his larger ambition to expand the Ghaznavid Empire and establish Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.

Nagara Style Architecture:

The tall curved spiral roof and the mandapam (ante-room) were features of the Nagara style of architecture. It is a style of architecture that is typical of North India, particularly in the regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar.

Features of Nagara Style Architecture:

1. Shikhara: The shikhara or the tower is the most prominent feature of Nagara style architecture. It is a tall and curvaceous structure that is often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.

2. Mandapa: The mandapa is an ante-room that is often placed in front of a temple. It is a pillared hall that is used for various religious and cultural activities.

3. Garbhagriha: The garbhagriha or the sanctum sanctorum is the innermost chamber of the temple where the main deity is placed.

4. Amalaka: The amalaka is a disk-shaped structure that is placed on top of the shikhara. It is often decorated with carvings and sculptures.

5. Kalasha: The kalasha is a pot-shaped structure that is placed on top of the amalaka. It is considered to be a symbol of prosperity and abundance.

6. Pradakshina Patha: The pradakshina patha is a circumambulatory path that is present around the garbhagriha. It is used for circumambulating the main deity during the worship.

Conclusion:

Thus, the Nagara style of architecture is a unique and beautiful form of architecture that is known for its tall, curvaceous towers and intricate carvings and sculptures. It is a style that is deeply rooted in Indian culture and tradition and continues to inspire architects and designers even today.

Sorry, I cannot answer the question without additional context. Can you please provide more information about which ordinance you are referring to and in which jurisdiction it was issued?

C

Tughlaq architecture and Sloping walls

Tughlaq architecture is a significant architectural style that was developed during the Tughlaq dynasty in India. The Tughlaq dynasty was established by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq in 1320, and it lasted until 1412. The Tughlaq dynasty was known for its grand architectural designs and innovative construction techniques.

One of the most striking features of Tughlaq architecture was sloping walls or batter. The sloping walls of Tughlaq buildings gave them a unique look and also served a functional purpose. The sloping walls helped to distribute the weight of the building more evenly and also made the structure more stable. The sloping walls were also designed to make the building more resistant to earthquakes.

Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Firuz Tughlaq

While sloping walls were a significant feature of Tughlaq architecture, they were absent in the buildings of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Firuz Tughlaq. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the second ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, and he ruled from 1325 to 1351. He was known for his eccentricities and his unsuccessful attempts to shift the capital of the empire from Delhi to Daulatabad.

Firuz Tughlaq was the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, and he ruled from 1351 to 1388. Firuz Tughlaq was known for his administrative reforms and his patronage of the arts, but his architectural designs did not include sloping walls.

Conclusion

In conclusion, sloping walls were a significant feature of Tughlaq architecture, and they were absent in the buildings of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and Firuz Tughlaq. The sloping walls of Tughlaq buildings gave them a unique look and also served a functional purpose, making the structure more stable and earthquake-resistant.

Iltutmish, also known as Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, was the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India. He ascended to the throne in 1211 and ruled until his death in 1236. During his reign, Iltutmish made significant contributions to the consolidation and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate.

Iltutmish's Achievements:

1. Granting Legal Status to the Turkish Kingdom:
Iltutmish granted legal status to the Turkish kingdom, which refers to his efforts to establish a stable and organized administration for the Delhi Sultanate. He implemented various administrative and legal reforms, including the introduction of the Iqta system, which involved granting land revenue assignments to military commanders in exchange for their services. This system helped in strengthening the central authority and maintaining control over the vast territories of the Sultanate.

2. Recapture of Bayna and Thangir:
Iltutmish successfully recaptured the regions of Bayna and Thangir. These areas had previously been under the control of local Rajput rulers, but Iltutmish's military campaigns led to their recapture by the Delhi Sultanate. This expansion of territory further solidified the Sultanate's dominance in the region.

3. Reconquest of Nagaur in Jodhpur:
Iltutmish also reconquered Nagaur, a strategic city located in the Jodhpur region of present-day Rajasthan. The city had been captured by the Rajput ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in the past, but Iltutmish's forces successfully reclaimed it for the Delhi Sultanate. This victory further enhanced the Sultanate's control over northern India.

4. Failure to Recapture Varanasi:
However, it is important to note that Iltutmish was unsuccessful in his attempts to recapture Varanasi. Varanasi, also known as Kashi, was a significant cultural and religious center in northern India. Despite his efforts, Iltutmish was unable to regain control over the city, which remained outside the dominion of the Delhi Sultanate.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, all the statements (a, b, c, and d) are correct. Iltutmish granted legal status to the Turkish kingdom, recaptured Bayna and Thangir, reconquered Nagaur in Jodhpur, but failed to recapture Varanasi. These achievements and setbacks played a crucial role in shaping the territorial expansion and administration of the Delhi Sultanate under Iltutmish's rule.

D

Mitakshara was a famous Hindu school of law. It is associated with Vijnaneshwara, a renowned scholar of law and the author of Mitakshara. Let's understand this in detail.

Introduction to Mitakshara
Mitakshara is a commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti, which is one of the important texts of Hindu law. Mitakshara was written by Vijnaneshwara in the 12th century AD. It is considered as one of the most authoritative commentaries on Hindu law.

Vijnaneshwara
Vijnaneshwara was a Hindu scholar who lived in the 12th century AD. He was born in South India and served as a minister in the court of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI. Vijnaneshwara was a great scholar of law and wrote Mitakshara, which became one of the most important commentaries on Hindu law.

Mitakshara School of Law
The Mitakshara School of Law is one of the six schools of Hindu law in India. It is prevalent in North India, especially in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan. Mitakshara School of Law is based on the principle of joint family property. According to this school, ancestral property is inherited by all the sons equally. The property is not divided but is held jointly by all the members of the family. The share of each member is not fixed and can vary depending on various factors such as age, gender, and conduct.

Conclusion
Thus, Mitakshara was a famous Hindu school of law associated with Vijnaneshwara. Mitakshara is a commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti and is considered as one of the most authoritative commentaries on Hindu law. The Mitakshara School of Law is based on the principle of joint family property and is prevalent in North India.

Tughlaq architecture was a distinctive style of architecture that flourished during the Tughlaq dynasty in India. This architecture was characterized by a unique blend of Islamic, Indian, and Persian architectural styles. One of the significant features of Tughlaq architecture was the deliberate attempt to combine the principles of the arch and the lintel and beam in their buildings.

Firuz Tughlaq was one of the most prominent rulers of the Tughlaq dynasty, and he was known for his architectural prowess. The unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam can be found in a marked manner in the buildings of Firuz Tughlaq.

Below are some of the examples of Tughlaq architecture that showcase this unique feature:

1. Tughlaqabad Fort: The Tughlaqabad Fort was built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, but it was completed by Firuz Tughlaq. The fort is an excellent example of Tughlaq architecture, and it showcases the unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam.

2. Adilabad Fort: The Adilabad Fort was built by Muhammad Tughlaq, and it is another example of Tughlaq architecture. The fort features the unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam.

3. Hauz Khas: Hauz Khas is a complex of buildings that was built during the reign of Firuz Tughlaq. The complex showcases the unique blend of Islamic, Indian, and Persian architectural styles, and it features the unique combination of the arch and the lintel and beam.

In conclusion, the deliberate attempt to combine the principles of the arch and the lintel and beam in their buildings was a significant feature of Tughlaq architecture. This unique feature can be found in a marked manner in the buildings of Firuz Tughlaq. The Tughlaqabad Fort, Adilabad Fort, and Hauz Khas are some of the examples of Tughlaq architecture that showcase this unique feature.

(A)

A

Wrong

The Hindu Work: Khaliq Bari
The Khaliq Bari is a significant literary work in the history of Hindu literature, often attributed to the renowned poet and scholar Amir Khusrau. Understanding the context and contributions of Amir Khusrau is essential to appreciate this attribution.
Who is Amir Khusrau?
- Amir Khusrau (1253-1325) was a prominent Sufi poet, musician, and scholar in the Indian subcontinent.
- He is often referred to as the "father of Urdu literature" and is credited with enriching both Persian and Hindi literature.
Significance of Khaliq Bari
- Khaliq Bari is primarily known for its poetic expressions and philosophical insights.
- The work reflects Khusrau's deep understanding of spirituality, love, and the human condition.
Literary Contributions
- Khusrau's writings often blend elements of Persian, Arabic, and local Indian languages, showcasing the cultural syncretism of his time.
- His use of metaphors and imagery in Khaliq Bari illustrates his mastery over language and his ability to convey profound truths.
Influence on Later Literature
- The impact of Khaliq Bari extends beyond its time, influencing subsequent poets and writers in the subcontinent.
- Khusrau's work laid the groundwork for future literary movements, making him a pivotal figure in South Asian literary history.
Conclusion
In summary, the attribution of Khaliq Bari to Amir Khusrau is justified due to his unparalleled contributions to literature and the unique blend of cultural influences in his work. His legacy continues to resonate, highlighting the importance of Khaliq Bari in the broader context of Indian literature.