All questions of Indigo for Class 12 Exam

The author served in the British army from 1918 to 1920.

Explanation:

The information that the author served in the British army from 1918 to 1920 can be inferred from the given options. Let's analyze each option to understand why option A is the correct answer:

a) 1918-1920: This option states that the author served in the British army from 1918 to 1920. Since this is one of the given options, it could be the correct answer.

b) 1909-1910: This option states that the author served in the British army from 1909 to 1910. However, this contradicts the information given in option A, which indicates that the author served in the British army from 1918 to 1920. Therefore, this option is not correct.

c) 1912-1913: This option states that the author served in the British army from 1912 to 1913. Again, this contradicts the information given in option A, which indicates that the author served in the British army from 1918 to 1920. Therefore, this option is not correct.

d) 1900-1902: This option states that the author served in the British army from 1900 to 1902. Once again, this contradicts the information given in option A, which indicates that the author served in the British army from 1918 to 1920. Therefore, this option is not correct.

Based on the analysis of the options, it can be concluded that option A, 1918-1920, is the correct answer. This means that the author served in the British army during the years 1918 to 1920.

Gandhiji knew that the British could not do anything to control the overpowering crowd. As given in the text, The officials felt powerless without Gandhiji's cooperation. Thus, all he did was wait patiently for the officials to make their decision, which he knew would be in his favour. Hence, the answer 'Calm Acceptance' which is similar to 'Being Patient', is the most suitable answer.

C

Mr. Shukla met Gandhiji to seek his help for the poor sharecroppers.

Introduction:
- Mr. Shukla, a concerned individual, approached Mahatma Gandhi for a specific purpose.
- This purpose was related to the welfare of poor sharecroppers.
- Gandhiji's reputation as a leader and advocate for social justice made him an ideal person to seek assistance from.

Seeking help for the poor sharecroppers:
- Sharecropping is an agricultural system in which landowners allow tenant farmers to use their land in exchange for a share of the crops produced.
- Sharecroppers often faced exploitation and poverty due to unfair agreements with landowners.
- Mr. Shukla recognized the plight of these poor sharecroppers and sought Gandhiji's help to address their issues.

Gandhiji's guidance and activism:
- Mahatma Gandhi, also known as the Father of the Nation in India, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement.
- He dedicated his life to fighting for the rights of the oppressed and marginalized sections of society.
- Gandhiji actively advocated for the rights of farmers, laborers, and peasants.
- He believed in the principles of non-violence, truth, and social justice.
- Gandhiji's approach to social activism included peaceful protests, civil disobedience, and constructive programs for rural development.

Mr. Shukla's motive behind seeking Gandhiji's help:
- Mr. Shukla, recognizing Gandhiji's influence and commitment to social justice, approached him to seek guidance and assistance.
- His motive was to find a solution to the problems faced by the poor sharecroppers.
- By meeting Gandhiji, Mr. Shukla hoped to gain insights into Gandhian principles and strategies that could be applied to improve the lives of sharecroppers.
- Gandhiji's ideas and philosophy were renowned for their emphasis on empathy, self-reliance, and community development.

Conclusion:
- Mr. Shukla's meeting with Gandhiji was driven by his desire to seek help for the poor sharecroppers.
- Gandhiji's reputation as a leader and advocate for social justice made him the ideal person to approach for guidance and assistance.
- By engaging with Gandhiji, Mr. Shukla hoped to find solutions to the problems faced by the sharecroppers and work towards their upliftment.

An Administrator in Indian Civil services

Why did gandhi ji protest at matihari court here

Motihari was back with peasants because their champion, George Orwell, was in trouble. Let's delve into the details to understand this further.

- George Orwell, a renowned English writer, was born in Motihari, Bihar, India in 1903. He is best known for his works such as "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four," which are powerful critiques of totalitarianism and oppression.

- Orwell's connection with Motihari goes back to his childhood. His father, Richard Blair, worked as an opium agent in Bihar, and the family lived in Motihari during Orwell's early years.

- In 1922, Orwell returned to India and worked as an assistant superintendent of police in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma (now Myanmar). However, he was deeply disturbed by the oppressive nature of British colonial rule and resigned from his position in 1927.

- Orwell's experiences in Burma and his growing disillusionment with imperialism shaped his political and social consciousness. He became a staunch critic of British colonialism and dedicated himself to advocating for the rights of the oppressed.

- Orwell's commitment to social justice and his empathy for the plight of peasants led him to write several essays and books highlighting their struggles. One of his most notable works on this topic is "The Road to Wigan Pier," in which he vividly describes the harsh living conditions of the working class in northern England.

- Orwell's writings resonated with the common people, especially the peasants, as they captured their hardships and gave voice to their grievances. The peasants saw Orwell as their champion and admired his courage to speak out against injustice.

- However, Orwell's outspoken criticism of both left-wing and right-wing ideologies made him a target of surveillance and suspicion. He was constantly under scrutiny by the British intelligence agencies, who viewed him as a potential threat to the established order.

- As a result, Orwell faced several challenges and troubles in his life. He was monitored, interrogated, and even blacklisted by the British authorities. This constant pressure and surveillance forced him to live a nomadic and precarious existence.

- Despite these difficulties, Orwell remained committed to his ideals and continued to write fearlessly. His works inspired generations of readers and activists, and his legacy as a champion of the oppressed endures to this day.

In conclusion, Motihari was back with peasants because George Orwell, their champion, was in trouble due to his outspoken criticism of oppression and his unwavering commitment to social justice. The peasants saw Orwell as a beacon of hope and admired his courage to speak truth to power.

The British landlords as well as Commissioner of Tirhut were non-cooperative. Lawyers from Muzaffarpur briefed him about court cases of these peasants. Gandhiji and the lawyers collected depositions by about ten thousand peasants.

The peasants paid the entire indigo harvest, which they had to cultivate on 15 percent of the land, as a rent to the British. The British then wanted to release the peasants from this arrangement, provided they compensate for being released.

Gandhiji demanded 50% refund from the British landlords in the form of repayment of money which the landlords had illegally and deceitfully extorted from the poor sharecroppers.

Author of Indigo: Louis Fischer

Indigo is a book written by Louis Fischer. He was an American journalist and author known for his works on politics, history, and social issues. Fischer was born on February 29, 1896, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and he passed away on January 15, 1970, in a New York City hospital.

About Louis Fischer
Louis Fischer was a highly regarded journalist and author who covered various important events and topics throughout his career. He was particularly known for his writings on Soviet Russia, India's struggle for independence, and international politics.

Works by Louis Fischer
Louis Fischer wrote numerous books and articles, delving into topics such as politics, history, and social issues. Some of his notable works include:

- "The Soviets in World Affairs" (1930) - In this book, Fischer analyzed the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and its impact on world affairs.

- "Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World" (1954) - Fischer's biography of Mahatma Gandhi explores the life and teachings of the influential Indian leader.

- "The Life of Mahatma Gandhi" (1950) - Another biography of Gandhi, this book delves into the details of his life and his significant role in India's struggle for independence.

- "The Story of Indigo" (1956) - Indigo is a historical account of the indigo plant and its impact on the economy and social structure of colonial India.

About the book "Indigo"
"Indigo" is a historical account of the indigo plant and its significance in colonial India. Fischer explores the economic, social, and political aspects of indigo cultivation and trade during the British colonial period.

The book sheds light on the exploitative practices of the British indigo planters and the resulting struggles faced by the Indian peasants. Fischer's meticulous research and storytelling skills provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the indigo industry and its impact on the lives of the people involved.

Overall, Louis Fischer's "Indigo" is a valuable contribution to the understanding of colonial history and serves as a reminder of the challenges faced by marginalized communities under oppressive systems.

Rajkumar Shukla is described as being 'resolute' because even after being told about the prior engagements of Gandhi at Cawnpore and other parts across the county, he does not quit. His resolution and determination finally impresses Gandhi and the latter complies with his request.

The correct is sarcastic because

• In the passage, the author described that how the Indians were dependent on Gandhi for representation.
• They saw a true leader in him and didn't know how to deal a situation without him.
• Also, the officials couldn't control the people without the help of Gandhi. It was Gandhi who could calm a crowd.
• The writer expresses a sarcastic tone to represent that the prosecutor requested to postpone the hearing because Gandhi was not present there.

The Champaran episode is considered to be the beginning of the Indian struggle for independence because, for the first time, farmers and peasants rose against the Britishers. The English landlords had owned most of the arable land in Champaran. They had to surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent to the landlords.

Princeton University

The correct answer is Princeton University. The author of the text was a member of Princeton University.

Explanation:
Princeton University is a prestigious Ivy League research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. It is known for its rigorous academic programs and distinguished faculty. Established in 1746, it is one of the oldest universities in the United States. Princeton University is renowned for its liberal arts education, strong emphasis on research, and commitment to excellence.

Importance of Princeton University
Princeton University holds a prominent position in the field of higher education. It is consistently ranked among the top universities globally and has produced numerous successful alumni who have made significant contributions to various fields, including academia, politics, business, and the arts.

Academic Programs
Princeton University offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs across various disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more. The university's commitment to interdisciplinary studies allows students to explore diverse academic interests and engage in groundbreaking research.

Faculty and Research
Princeton University boasts a distinguished faculty comprising leading scholars and researchers in their respective fields. The university is known for its intellectual vitality, and its faculty members are actively involved in cutting-edge research, pushing the boundaries of knowledge in their respective disciplines.

Student Life
Princeton University provides a vibrant and enriching student life experience. Its campus offers state-of-the-art facilities, including libraries, research centers, laboratories, and recreational spaces. The university also hosts a wide range of student organizations, clubs, and extracurricular activities, fostering a sense of community and providing opportunities for personal and professional growth.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the author of the text was a member of Princeton University. This prestigious institution has a rich academic tradition, renowned faculty, and a commitment to excellence. Being a part of Princeton University would have provided the author with a high-quality education and valuable experiences that contribute to their knowledge and expertise.

Author's Birthplace: Philadelphia

The correct answer is option 'A', the author was born in Philadelphia.

Explanation:
Philadelphia is a city in the state of Pennsylvania, United States. It is known for its rich history and is often referred to as the birthplace of America.

Reasoning:
To determine the correct answer, we can analyze the given options and eliminate the incorrect ones.

a) In Philadelphia: This option states that the author was born in Philadelphia. To verify if this is correct, we can cross-check with other information provided in the question or any additional context.

b) In Yugoslavia: Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe, but it no longer exists. Since the author's birthplace is mentioned in the present tense, it is unlikely that they were born in Yugoslavia.

c) In Scotland: Scotland is a country in the United Kingdom. There is no indication or context provided in the question that suggests the author was born in Scotland.

d) None: This option implies that the author was not born in any of the given locations. However, since option 'A' states that the author was born in Philadelphia, this option is incorrect.

Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, we can conclude that the correct answer is option 'A' - the author was born in Philadelphia.

Champaran is famous for being the site of the first Satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917. This movement played a significant role in India's freedom struggle and marked the beginning of a new era in the fight against British colonial rule.

Background:
In the early 20th century, Champaran, a district in Bihar, was known for its indigo plantations. The British colonial rulers had implemented the "tinkathia system" which forced Indian farmers to cultivate indigo on a portion of their land, instead of growing food crops. This system was exploitative and led to widespread oppression and economic hardships for the farmers.

The Arrival of Gandhi:
In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Champaran after being invited by Raj Kumar Shukla, a local farmer and supporter of the Indian National Congress. Gandhi decided to take up the cause of the indigo farmers and fight against the oppressive system. This marked his first major political movement in India.

The Satyagraha Movement:
Gandhi organized meetings with the farmers and listened to their grievances. He conducted detailed investigations, collected evidence, and prepared a comprehensive report on the exploitative conditions in Champaran. Armed with this information, he launched the Satyagraha movement, which aimed to achieve justice through nonviolent resistance.

Key Demands:
The main demands of the Satyagraha movement were:
1. Abolition of the tinkathia system and the right of the farmers to choose their own crops.
2. Fair compensation for the farmers who had suffered due to the oppressive system.
3. Protection of the farmers from harassment and eviction by indigo planters.

Methods of Protest:
Gandhi organized peaceful protests, marches, and public meetings to raise awareness about the plight of the farmers. He encouraged the farmers to refuse to cultivate indigo and to peacefully resist the unjust laws. Through these acts of civil disobedience, the farmers demonstrated their determination to fight for their rights.

Success and Impact:
The Satyagraha movement in Champaran gained significant attention and support from across India. It not only brought the issue of farmer exploitation to the forefront but also showcased Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence and his ability to mobilize the masses. Eventually, the British authorities were forced to acknowledge the demands of the farmers, and the tinkathia system was abolished.

Legacy:
The Champaran Satyagraha marked a turning point in India's freedom struggle. It provided a template for future nonviolent movements and established Gandhi as a prominent leader. It also highlighted the power of collective action and peaceful resistance in achieving social and political change.

In conclusion, Champaran is famous for being the site of the first Satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917. This movement aimed to address the exploitative conditions faced by indigo farmers and played a crucial role in India's fight for independence.

The purpose of the advocates of home rule was to encourage people to participate in the freedom movement. Home rule refers to the concept of self-government or autonomy at the local level, specifically in relation to colonial territories seeking independence from their ruling powers. In the context of Indian history, the advocates of home rule were primarily focused on achieving self-government for India and freeing it from British colonial rule.

1. Background:
- During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, India witnessed a surge in nationalist movements seeking independence from British rule.
- The Indian National Congress (INC) emerged as a prominent platform for Indian nationalists to voice their demands and work towards achieving self-rule.
- However, there were differing opinions within the Congress on the strategies and goals for achieving independence.
- The advocates of home rule formed a significant faction within the INC, led by prominent leaders like Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

2. Objective:
- The advocates of home rule aimed to mobilize and unite the Indian masses in the struggle for freedom.
- They believed in the importance of self-governance at the local level as a stepping stone towards achieving full independence.
- They sought to create a sense of empowerment and participation among the Indian population, encouraging them to actively engage in the freedom movement.

3. Methods:
- The advocates of home rule utilized various methods to achieve their objectives.
- They organized public meetings, rallies, and awareness campaigns to educate and mobilize the masses about the importance of self-rule.
- They emphasized the need for political reforms and autonomy within the existing colonial framework.
- They also advocated for the rights of Indians to govern themselves and make decisions pertaining to their own affairs.

4. Impact:
- The advocates of home rule played a crucial role in raising the consciousness of the Indian population and creating a sense of unity and purpose.
- Their efforts helped in popularizing the idea of self-government and freedom among the masses.
- The home rule movement served as a catalyst for greater participation in the freedom struggle and laid the foundation for the subsequent movements that ultimately led to India's independence in 1947.

In conclusion, the advocates of home rule aimed to encourage people to participate in the freedom movement by promoting the idea of self-government and autonomy. Their efforts helped in mobilizing the masses and creating a sense of empowerment, ultimately contributing to the larger goal of achieving independence from British colonial rule.

A) In East India

M.K. Gandhi fought in Champaran to secure justice for the oppressed.

Introduction:
Mahatma Gandhi, also known as M.K. Gandhi or Bapu, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. He advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve political and social change. One of the significant events in his early activism was his involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha, which aimed to address the grievances of the indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar.

The Oppressed Farmers:
The indigo farmers in Champaran were facing various injustices under the British colonial rule. The British indigo planters forced the farmers to cultivate indigo on a significant portion of their land, leading to a decrease in food production and economic hardship for the farmers. Additionally, the planters imposed exploitative contracts and unfair compensation, leaving the farmers in a state of perpetual debt and poverty.

Gandhi's Arrival:
Gandhi arrived in Champaran in 1917 after being invited by Rajkumar Shukla, a local farmer who sought his assistance. Upon his arrival, Gandhi witnessed the dire conditions faced by the indigo farmers and decided to take up their cause. He believed that it was his duty to fight for the rights of the oppressed and work towards their emancipation.

Gandhi's Approach:
Gandhi's approach in Champaran was rooted in his philosophy of Satyagraha, which means "truth force" or "soul force." He advocated for nonviolent resistance as a powerful tool to challenge unjust systems. Gandhi organized meetings, held discussions with the farmers, and conducted extensive research on the issues they faced. He sought to gather evidence to present to the authorities and expose the exploitation carried out by the British planters.

Negotiations and Success:
Through his efforts, Gandhi was able to negotiate with the British authorities, demanding justice for the indigo farmers. He led a nonviolent protest campaign and encouraged the farmers to resist the unjust demands of the planters. The protest gained significant attention and support, both locally and nationally.

The British authorities, realizing the impact of the Satyagraha movement, formed a committee to investigate the farmers' grievances. As a result, the Champaran Agrarian Act was passed, which addressed some of the key issues faced by the farmers. The act provided relief to the indigo cultivators and ensured fair compensation for their work.

Conclusion:
M.K. Gandhi fought in Champaran to secure justice for the oppressed indigo farmers who were subjected to exploitation and poverty. His involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha not only brought attention to their grievances but also highlighted the power of nonviolent resistance in achieving social and political change. Gandhi's fight in Champaran was a significant step towards his broader mission of achieving independence and justice for all of India.

Sharecroppers were in a miserable condition when Gandhi arrived at Champaran. They were supposed to grow indigo on 15% of their land and give it as rent to the landlords.

The spontaneous demonstration of the people proved that Gandhiji had the nation's support in his fight against the Britishers. It also aroused patriotism in the heart of the Indians. The triumph of the Civil disobedience at Champaran motivated the launching of the movement on a large scale during the freedom movement.

Introduction:
The given extract discusses the nature of Mahatma Gandhi's politics and his approach towards the problems faced by the people. It emphasizes Gandhi's focus on practical issues and his commitment to the well-being of the common people. The answer option 'A' states that the extract does not talk about the details of the daily problems faced by human beings.

Explanation:
The given extract actually contradicts option 'A' because it clearly mentions that Gandhi's politics were intertwined with the practical, day-to-day problems of the millions. However, to provide a more detailed explanation, let's break down the key points mentioned in the extract.

1. Gandhi's loyalty to living, human beings:
- The extract highlights that Gandhi's loyalty was not towards abstract ideas or concepts but towards living, human beings.
- This implies that Gandhi's focus was on the actual problems faced by people in their daily lives rather than theoretical or ideological debates.

2. Alleviating the distress of poor peasants:
- The extract acknowledges that the Champaran movement, initiated by Gandhi, aimed to alleviate the distress of large numbers of poor peasants.
- This demonstrates Gandhi's efforts to relieve the suffering of common people and his commitment to addressing their immediate needs.

3. Gandhi's politics intertwined with practical problems:
- The extract states that Gandhi's politics were intertwined with the practical, day-to-day problems of the millions.
- This implies that Gandhi's political actions and strategies were directly influenced by the real issues faced by people, indicating his practical approach to problem-solving.

4. Moulding a new free Indian:
- The extract mentions that Gandhi tried to mould a new free Indian who could stand on his own feet.
- This suggests that Gandhi aimed to empower individuals and create a sense of self-reliance, which would ultimately contribute to the freedom of India as a whole.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the given extract discusses Gandhi's approach to politics and his dedication to the well-being of the common people. It contradicts option 'A' by clearly stating that Gandhi's politics were intertwined with the practical, day-to-day problems faced by human beings.

Gandhiji went to Lucknow in December 1916 to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress Party.

Champaran, also known as Champaran district, was a district in Bihar during the British rule in India. It is located in the northern part of Bihar and is currently known as West Champaran district. Let's explore the details of Champaran and its historical significance:

Location:
Champaran is situated in the present-day state of Bihar, India. It is located in the western part of the state, bordering Nepal. The district is surrounded by the districts of East Champaran, Gopalganj, and Siwan.

Historical Significance:
Champaran gained significant historical importance due to the Champaran Satyagraha, which was one of the earliest non-violent protests led by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian independence movement.

The Champaran Satyagraha:
The Champaran Satyagraha was a movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917. It aimed to address the grievances of indigo farmers who were being forced by British landlords to cultivate indigo against their will. Indigo was a cash crop used for dyeing purposes but had caused immense hardships for the farmers.

Gandhi's Arrival:
Upon arrival in Champaran, Gandhi conducted a detailed investigation into the plight of the farmers and met with them to understand their grievances. He organized mass meetings and urged the farmers to resist the unjust indigo cultivation system.

Non-Violent Protest:
Gandhi encouraged the farmers to refuse to cultivate indigo, which resulted in clashes with the British authorities. However, the protests remained peaceful, and Gandhi emphasized the principle of non-violence throughout the movement.

Impact and Resolution:
The Champaran Satyagraha garnered significant attention and support across India. It not only highlighted the issues faced by the indigo farmers but also became a symbol of the non-violent resistance movement in India. Eventually, the British authorities were compelled to set up an inquiry committee to address the grievances, leading to the abolition of the oppressive indigo system.

Conclusion:
Champaran, located in Bihar, was a district in British India. It gained historical significance due to the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement played a crucial role in shaping the Indian independence movement and emphasized the power of non-violent resistance in achieving social and political change.

He sent a telegram to Professor J.B. Kripalani who received them at the station with a large body of students. Gandhi stayed there for two days in the home of professor Malkani, a government teacher.

India's first civil disobedience movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against the injustice meted out to tenant farmers in Champaran district of Bihar. During British rule, many tenant farmers were forced to grow indigo on part of their land, often working under oppressive conditions.

The average Indians in smaller localities were scared to show sympathy for the advocates of home-rule due to the fear and control instilled by British. They were not courageous enough to say or act anything against these rulers as they were afraid of the dire consequences of helping the advocates of home rule.

Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran district in Bihar. He had come to Lucknow, where a Congress session was being held, to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Rajkumar Shukla had come to the Congress Session to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar and to take Gandhiji to Champaran. The servents knew Rajkumar Shukla as a poor peasant who often troubled their master, Rajendra Prasad, to help indigo sharecroppers.

Gandhi ji, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule. During his activism, he fought for the rights of farmers who were being exploited by the indigo planters in Champaran, Bihar, India.

Gandhi ji's involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha movement in 1917 aimed to address the grievances of the indigo farmers. The indigo planters forced the farmers to cultivate indigo on their lands and then sell it to them at very low prices, leading to severe economic exploitation.

To address this issue, Gandhi ji demanded fair compensation for the farmers from the indigo planters. The specific amount he asked the planters to pay was not a fixed percentage but rather a specific amount per acre of land cultivated with indigo. The demand was for the planters to pay Rs. 25 per acre to the farmers.

This demand was significant because it aimed to provide a fair and just remuneration to the farmers for their labor and prevent their exploitation by the planters. It also sought to challenge the unjust and oppressive system of indigo cultivation that had been prevalent in the region.

Gandhi ji's demand for Rs. 25 per acre was based on his understanding of the economic conditions of the farmers and the value of their labor. He believed that this amount was fair and reasonable, considering the hardships faced by the farmers and the profits earned by the planters from the indigo trade.

By demanding fair compensation for the farmers, Gandhi ji aimed to empower them and improve their economic conditions. This demand was an important aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha movement, which ultimately led to the abolition of the oppressive indigo system and brought attention to the plight of farmers in India.

In conclusion, Gandhi ji demanded Rs. 25 per acre from the indigo planters as fair compensation for the farmers. This demand aimed to address the economic exploitation faced by the farmers and played a significant role in the Champaran Satyagraha movement.

In Muzaffarpur, Gandhi stayed in Professor Milkani's house. He stayed there for two days. Gandhi went to Muzaffarpur to acquire the information about the peasants' conditions. He went there along with his students to investigate the issue in person.

The condition of the peasants in Champaran

The condition of the peasants in Champaran during the time of Mahatma Gandhi's arrival can be described as terror-stricken and oppressed. The British Raj had established indigo plantations in Champaran, Bihar, and the peasants were forced to cultivate indigo on a portion of their land. They were bound by an oppressive system known as the Tinkathia system, which ensured that 3 out of every 20 bighas of land would be used for indigo cultivation, regardless of the peasants' wishes or needs.

Exploitation and oppression
1. The peasants were forced to grow indigo, which was a cash crop demanded by the British textile industry. The British planters had a monopoly over the production and trade of indigo, and the peasants were compelled to work on their fields without receiving any wages.
2. The planters used various oppressive measures to ensure compliance, such as high rents, arbitrary fines, and forced labor. The peasants were subjected to physical abuse and violence if they resisted or failed to meet the planters' demands.
3. The peasants were trapped in a cycle of debt and poverty. They had to borrow money from the planters to meet their basic needs, and the exorbitant interest rates forced them into perpetual indebtedness.

Mahatma Gandhi's intervention
1. Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Champaran in 1917 to investigate the grievances of the peasants and provide them with support. He organized meetings and gathered evidence of the exploitative practices of the planters.
2. Gandhi encouraged the peasants to resist peacefully and refuse to cultivate indigo until their demands were met. He advocated for their rights and mobilized public opinion against the oppressive system.
3. Through negotiations and nonviolent protests, Gandhi was able to secure several concessions for the peasants. The Tinkathia system was abolished, and the planters were compelled to return a portion of the land to the peasants.
4. Gandhi's intervention in Champaran was significant as it marked one of the first successful nonviolent protests against British colonial rule and laid the foundation for his future movements.

Conclusion
The condition of the peasants in Champaran was one of terror and oppression under the exploitative Tinkathia system. Mahatma Gandhi's arrival and subsequent intervention brought hope and empowerment to the peasants, leading to significant reforms and setting the stage for the larger independence movement in India.

They thought Gandhi would demand repayment in full of the money they had extorted from the sharecroppers. Gandhi asked only 50 per cent. The planters offered to refund up to 25 per cent. The deadlock was broken when Gandhi agreed to a settlement of 25 per cent refund to peasants.

He spoke to Mahatma Gandhi.

Gandhi wanted to obtain more complete information about conditions than Shukla was capable of imparting. Muzaffarpur lawyers, who frequently represented peasant groups in courts, brief Gandhi about their cases.

A hundred years ago on April 10, 1917, Mohandas K Gandhi arrived in the district of Champaran in North Bihar. This was a major victory for the peasants, and a significant triumph for Gandhi himself, since it established his credibility as a leader within India (as distinct from South Africa).

Explanation:

Gandhiji agreed to the planter's offer of a 25% refund to the farmers because more than money, the prestige of the farmers was important to him. Let's explore this in detail:

1. Understanding Gandhiji's principles:
- Gandhiji was a strong advocate for the rights and welfare of the farmers. He believed in empowering the marginalized and working towards their upliftment.
- His philosophy was centered around non-violence, self-sufficiency, and equality.

2. Importance of prestige:
- Gandhiji recognized that the farmers were facing oppression and exploitation by the planters. Agreeing to the planter's offer would give the farmers a sense of victory and restore their pride and self-esteem.
- By accepting the refund, the farmers would be seen as having won a significant concession from the planters. This would boost their morale and encourage them to stand up for their rights in the future.

3. Money vs Prestige:
- Gandhiji understood that money alone would not address the underlying issues faced by the farmers. While a monetary refund would provide temporary relief, it would not challenge the power dynamics or bring about long-term change.
- By prioritizing the prestige of the farmers over money, Gandhiji aimed to create a movement that would empower the farmers to demand fair treatment and just compensation in the future.
- He wanted to instill a sense of self-worth and confidence in the farmers, enabling them to fight against exploitation and injustice.

4. Strategy for empowerment:
- Gandhiji viewed the acceptance of the planter's offer as a strategic move to build solidarity among the farmers and strengthen their position.
- By securing a victory in their struggle against the planters, the farmers would gain confidence and be more willing to participate in future movements for their rights.
- Gandhiji believed in the power of collective action and saw this as an opportunity to unite the farmers and build a stronger movement for their cause.

In conclusion, Gandhiji agreed to the planter's offer of a 25% refund to the farmers because he believed that the prestige and self-esteem of the farmers were more important than money alone. By accepting the refund, the farmers would feel empowered and motivated to continue their fight for fair treatment and just compensation.

The head of the artisan union came with goons and took all the assets of the poor artisans is that exemplifies a deceitful extortion.

Understanding the Officials' Powerlessness
The scenario presented highlights a significant turning point in the Indian independence movement, showcasing the dynamic between the British authorities and the Indian masses led by Gandhi.
Factors Leading to Powerlessness
- Gandhi's Influence: Gandhi’s leadership was pivotal. His ability to command respect and loyalty from the crowd meant that the officials could not simply impose their authority without considering the people's response.
- Non-violent Protest: The demonstration was peaceful, but the sheer number of participants indicated a unified front. This collective action showcased the strength of Indian citizens, which the British had not anticipated.
- Crowd Dynamics: The officials felt intimidated not just by the crowd size but by the fact that the crowd was looking to Gandhi for guidance. His presence provided them with a sense of purpose and direction, making it difficult for the authorities to handle the situation without his cooperation.
- Challenge to Authority: The British officials were confronted with the reality that their previously unchallenged authority could indeed be questioned and resisted by the Indian populace, which undermined their confidence and control.
Conclusion
In summary, the officials felt powerless because the crowd was not just large but also cohesive, rallying around Gandhi’s leadership. This marked a significant shift in the dynamics of power, showing that the British could no longer operate unilaterally when faced with a united Indian front.

Gandhiji went to Lucknow in December 1916 to attend the annual convention of the Indian National Congress Party. Rajkumar Shukla, a peasant from Champaran met him there to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.

Statement read by Gandhiji pleading himself guilty

Gandhiji was a prominent freedom fighter and leader of the Indian National Congress. He was known for his non-violent approach to protesting against British colonial rule in India.

During the Quit India Movement in 1942, Gandhiji was arrested by the British authorities and charged with sedition. At the trial, he was given the opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty.

Gandhiji chose to plead guilty, and he read out a statement in court explaining his reasons for doing so. The statement he read was as follows:

"I am here to plead guilty to the charge of preaching disaffection towards the government. My statement will be all too brief, for I know the penalty I incur. I have not come here to defend myself, for I look upon this trial as a mere incident in a long struggle for freedom. I am charged with disaffection, but who can deny that there is disaffection in India today? Thousands of people are dying for want of food, and I, for one, am not prepared to see them perish when I can help them. I am not a lawbreaker, but I have come to render humanitarian and national service."

Explanation:

Gandhiji's statement in court made it clear that he was not a lawbreaker, but rather someone who was committed to serving his country and helping his fellow citizens. He acknowledged that there was disaffection in India, but he did not believe that this justified the severe actions taken by the British authorities. By pleading guilty, Gandhiji was making a statement about his commitment to the cause of Indian independence, even if it meant facing punishment for his actions.

Conclusion:

Gandhiji's statement pleading himself guilty demonstrated his unwavering commitment to the cause of Indian independence. He was willing to face the consequences of his actions in order to bring attention to the plight of his fellow citizens and to fight for their rights. His non-violent approach to protesting inspired countless others to follow in his footsteps, and his legacy continues to inspire people around the world to this day.

The Champaran Indigo sharecroppers faced several problems during the colonial period in India. One of the major issues they faced was being forced to grow indigo on their land.

The Problem of Forced Indigo Cultivation:
- The British planters in Champaran, Bihar, had a monopoly on indigo cultivation and forced the local farmers to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land.
- The sharecroppers were compelled to cultivate indigo against their will, which led to a decrease in the cultivation of food crops, resulting in food scarcity and poverty.
- The British planters also imposed unfair terms and conditions on the farmers, such as low wages and high rents, making it extremely difficult for them to sustain themselves and their families.

Exploitation and Oppression:
- The sharecroppers were subjected to various forms of exploitation and oppression by the British planters. They were forced to provide free labor, known as Tinkathia system, for cultivating indigo on the planters' land.
- The planters often manipulated the accounts and forced the farmers into debt bondage, making it impossible for them to break free from the cycle of poverty and exploitation.
- The farmers had no control over the produce they cultivated. The planters decided the quantity, quality, and price of the indigo, leaving the sharecroppers at the mercy of the planters' arbitrary decisions.

Lack of Voice and Representation:
- The sharecroppers had no voice or representation in matters concerning their own land and livelihood. They were denied basic rights and were not allowed to protest against the oppressive indigo system.
- Illiteracy and lack of awareness further compounded their problems, as they were unaware of their rights and unable to advocate for themselves.
- The British planters used their power and influence to suppress any form of dissent, making it extremely difficult for the sharecroppers to raise their voices against the injustices they faced.

Conclusion:
The forced cultivation of indigo was a major problem faced by the Champaran Indigo sharecroppers. It not only resulted in poverty and scarcity of food crops but also subjected the farmers to exploitation and oppression. The lack of voice and representation further exacerbated their plight. This oppressive system eventually led to the famous Champaran Satyagraha, where Mahatma Gandhi played a significant role in mobilizing the farmers and fighting for their rights.

Champaran district of Bihar is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas, near the kingdom of Nepal. Under an ancient arrangement, the Champaran peasants were sharecroppers. They had to grow indigo on 15 percent of the land and give it to the English estate owners as rent.

When the Champaran peasants heard that a Mahatma, who wanted to help them, was in trouble with the authorities. The government baffled and the official felt powerless without the cooperation of Gandhi. Gandhi helped them to regulate the crowd. Gandhi gave the concrete proof about the might of the British.

The official Inquiry Commission agreed, in principle, to make refunds of the money illegally extorted from the sharecroppers. The landlords feared that Gandhi would demand the refund of the full money. But to their amazement he demanded only 50 per cent. He remained firm on his stand. Then the representatives of the big planters offered to pay 25 per cent, to which Gandhi agreed breaking the deadlock.

Explanation:

Act of Defiance:
- The sentence "Her mother tried to stop her several times but she went ahead nevertheless" is the most appropriate example of an act of defiance.
- Despite her mother's attempts to stop her, the person in the sentence still proceeded to open the door, showing defiance against her mother's wishes.

Analysis:
- The other options do not explicitly show an act of defiance.
- Option 'A' shows fear but not defiance.
- Option 'B' shows fear but not defiance.
- Option 'C' shows curiosity but not defiance.
- Option 'D' clearly depicts defiance by going against the mother's attempts to stop the person.
Therefore, option 'D' is the most suitable example of an act of defiance in the given context.

Rajkumar Shukla was a poor peasant from Champaran district in Bihar. He had come to Lucknow, where a Congress session was being held, to complain about the injustice of the landlord system in Bihar.