All questions of Social And Cultural Awakening, The Lower Caste, Trade Union And Peasants Movements for UPSC CSE Exam

Hastings as the First to Impose Censorship on the Press in India

Introduction
Censorship on the press in India was first imposed during the British colonial era. It was a means of controlling the flow of information and ideas that could potentially threaten the colonial rule. The first person to impose censorship on the press in India was Warren Hastings.

Warren Hastings
Warren Hastings was the Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to 1785. During his tenure, he introduced a number of measures to strengthen the British rule in India. One of these measures was the imposition of censorship on the press.

Reasons for Censorship
Hastings believed that the press was a potential threat to the British rule in India. He feared that the press could be used to spread seditious and anti-British ideas among the people. He also believed that the press could be used to criticize the British administration and expose their shortcomings.

Censorship Measures
Hastings imposed a number of measures to censor the press. He introduced a licensing system that required all printers and publishers to obtain a license from the British authorities before they could publish any material. He also appointed a press censor to monitor all publications and ensure that they did not contain any seditious or anti-British content.

Impact of Censorship
The censorship measures introduced by Hastings had a significant impact on the press in India. Many publishers and printers were forced to shut down their operations as they could not obtain a license or were unable to comply with the strict censorship regulations. This resulted in a significant reduction in the number of publications and the circulation of information.

Conclusion
Warren Hastings was the first person to impose censorship on the press in India. His measures were aimed at controlling the flow of information and ideas that could potentially threaten the British rule in India. While his actions had a significant impact on the press, they also paved the way for future efforts to promote press freedom and free speech in India.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a crucial role in raising the age of consent for girls in India through the Act of 1860. The details are as follows:

Background:
During the colonial period, India witnessed a rise in the number of child marriages, which were often forced and resulted in the exploitation of young girls. The British authorities recognized this problem and introduced various laws to protect women and girls from abuse.

Efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a social reformer and educationist, campaigned for the raising of the age of consent for girls. He argued that girls should not be married off before they reached puberty, as it put their health and well-being at risk. He also highlighted the fact that young girls were often unable to give informed consent to marriage.

Vidyasagar's efforts led to the introduction of the Age of Consent Bill in 1860, which proposed to raise the age of consent for girls from 12 to 14. However, the bill faced opposition from conservative sections of society, who argued that it was a violation of tradition and religion.

The Act of 1860:
Despite the opposition, the Age of Consent Bill was passed in 1860, raising the age of consent for girls to 10. While this was still a low age by modern standards, it was a significant improvement over the previous age limit of 12.

The Act of 1860 also introduced other provisions to protect women and girls from exploitation, such as criminalizing rape and prohibiting the abduction of women for marriage.

Legacy of Vidyasagar:
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's efforts to raise the age of consent for girls were part of his broader campaign for social reform and education in India. He believed that education was the key to empowering women and improving their status in society.

Vidyasagar's legacy continues to inspire social reformers and activists in India today, who work to promote gender equality and women's rights.

Lord Curzon argued that Oriental learning was completely inferior to European learning.

Explanation:

Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. He was a firm believer in the superiority of European culture and education over Oriental culture and education. He believed that the British had a civilizing mission in India, and one of their main tasks was to introduce European education and culture to the people of India.

Lord Curzon’s views on Oriental learning were influenced by the ideas of British Orientalists, who believed that Oriental learning was inferior to European learning. According to them, Oriental languages and literature, including Sanskrit and Arabic, were dead languages that had no relevance to the modern world. They believed that European languages and literature, especially English, were the key to modernization and progress.

Lord Curzon was also critical of the traditional Indian education system, which he believed was outdated and inadequate. He argued that Indian education focused too much on religious and philosophical subjects and neglected practical subjects that were essential for modern life, such as science and technology.

To promote European education in India, Lord Curzon introduced a number of reforms, including the establishment of universities and colleges that followed the British model of education. He also promoted the teaching of English as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges.

In conclusion, Lord Curzon was a strong advocate of European education and culture, and he believed that Oriental learning was completely inferior to European learning. His views were influenced by the ideas of British Orientalists, who believed that European education was the key to modernization and progress.

B

Raja Rammohan Roy is not the correct answer. The correct answer is Swami Vivekananda.

Swami Vivekananda was a renowned Hindu monk and one of the key figures in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. He emphasized the idea that there are many paths to God and salvation, and that service to humanity is a form of worship.

Emphasis on Many Roads to God and Salvation:
Swami Vivekananda believed that different individuals have different temperaments and spiritual inclinations. Therefore, he advocated for the acceptance of various religious paths and spiritual practices. According to him, all religions ultimately aim at the same truth and lead to the same goal of self-realization and union with God.

Service of Man is Service of God:
Swami Vivekananda strongly believed in the concept of serving humanity. He considered service to be the highest form of worship. According to him, God exists in every human being, and by serving others, we are serving God himself. He emphasized the importance of selfless service, compassion, and love towards all living beings.

Man as the Embodiment of God:
Swami Vivekananda viewed every individual as a manifestation of the divine. He believed in the inherent divinity of every human being and considered each person to be a potential source of spiritual awakening. For him, the goal of spiritual practice was to realize and manifest the divine qualities that already exist within oneself.

Conclusion:
Swami Vivekananda's teachings were rooted in the principles of universal acceptance and service to humanity. He emphasized that there are many paths to God and salvation, and that serving others is a form of worshipping the divine. His teachings continue to inspire millions of people worldwide, and he is considered a key figure in the modern Hindu renaissance.

Satya Prakash in Gujarati

Satya Prakash was a Gujarati-language newspaper that was started in 1852. It was founded with the purpose of advocating for widow remarriage, which was a progressive idea during that time. The newspaper played a crucial role in spreading awareness and promoting the cause of widow remarriage in Gujarat.

Founder of Satya Prakash

The person who started Satya Prakash in Gujarati was Karsondas Mulji. He was a social reformer and a prominent figure in the movement for widow remarriage in Gujarat. Karsondas Mulji recognized the importance of education and enlightenment in bringing about social change, and he believed that the medium of newspapers could be an effective tool for spreading awareness and challenging societal norms.

Advocating Widow Remarriage

During the mid-19th century, widow remarriage was considered taboo in Indian society, particularly among certain communities. Widows were often subjected to social ostracism and were deprived of their basic rights and dignity. The practice of widow remarriage was seen as a threat to the traditional patriarchal structure and was met with resistance from conservative sections of society.

The establishment of Satya Prakash in Gujarati aimed to challenge these regressive beliefs and advocate for the rights of widows to remarry. The newspaper provided a platform for intellectuals, social reformers, and progressive thinkers to express their views and raise awareness about the importance of widow remarriage for the well-being and empowerment of women.

Impact and Legacy

Satya Prakash played a significant role in changing societal attitudes towards widow remarriage in Gujarat. It helped in breaking down stereotypes and challenging the orthodox mindset prevalent at that time. The newspaper's advocacy for the cause of widow remarriage contributed to the gradual acceptance of this practice in society.

The establishment of Satya Prakash also paved the way for other social reform movements in Gujarat and inspired individuals to question prevailing norms and customs. It was a symbol of progress and enlightenment and played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and promoting social change.

In conclusion, Karsondas Mulji started Satya Prakash in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate for widow remarriage. The newspaper played a crucial role in challenging societal norms, raising awareness, and contributing to the acceptance of widow remarriage in Gujarat.

The activities of which society spread to South India as a result of the efforts of the Telegu reformer, Versalingam?

The correct answer is option 'B' i.e. Prathana Samaj.

Explanation:

The Prathana Samaj, also known as the Society for the Worship of God, was a reform movement founded by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay in 1867. It aimed to promote monotheism, reject idol worship, and revive Vedic tradition. The movement spread rapidly in western India and soon made its way to South India.

Versalingam was a prominent Telugu reformer who played a significant role in spreading the Prathana Samaj movement in South India. He was influenced by the teachings of the movement during his stay in Bombay and was convinced that it could bring about much-needed reform in his community.

After returning to South India, Versalingam founded the first Prathana Samaj in Madras in 1875. He translated the Prathana Samaj literature into Telugu and made it accessible to the people. He also established schools and libraries to promote education and spread the message of the movement.

The Prathana Samaj movement gained significant popularity in South India and inspired several other reform movements. It played a crucial role in challenging the traditional Hindu practices and promoting social reform.

In conclusion, Versalingam's efforts played a significant role in spreading the Prathana Samaj movement in South India. The movement aimed to promote monotheism, reject idol worship, and revive Vedic tradition and played a crucial role in promoting social reform.

The person who described the Derozians as the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race whose virtues will excite veneration and whose failings will be treated with gentlest consideration is S.N. Banerjee.

Explanation:
The Derozians were a group of young intellectuals who emerged in the early 19th century in Bengal, India. They were the students of Hindu College, founded by David Hare, and were heavily influenced by their teacher Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. Derozio himself was a radical thinker and believed in questioning orthodoxies and promoting rationalism.

S.N. Banerjee, a prominent Indian nationalist and a contemporary of the Derozians, recognized their contributions to the modern civilization of Bengal. He considered them as pioneers who brought about significant changes in the social, cultural, and intellectual landscape of Bengal. Here are the reasons why S.N. Banerjee described them as such:

1. Promotion of Rationalism: The Derozians were known for their rationalist and scientific approach towards knowledge. They questioned traditional beliefs and superstitions and advocated for a more reasoned outlook. This emphasis on rationality and critical thinking played a crucial role in shaping the modern mindset of Bengal.

2. Social Reforms: The Derozians were actively involved in social reform movements. They fought against social evils like caste discrimination, sati (widow burning), and child marriage. Their progressive ideas and activism contributed to the social transformation of Bengal.

3. Literary and Cultural Renaissance: The Derozians were passionate about literature, poetry, and art. They encouraged creative expression and played a significant role in the Bengal Renaissance. Their literary works and intellectual pursuits added to the rich cultural heritage of Bengal.

4. Political Consciousness: The Derozians were politically conscious and believed in the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice. They were vocal about their opposition to British colonial rule and advocated for Indian nationalism. Their political activism laid the foundation for the future freedom struggle.

5. Influence on Future Generations: The Derozians inspired and influenced several generations of intellectuals and nationalists in Bengal. Their ideas and values continued to shape the intellectual discourse in Bengal for years to come.

In conclusion, S.N. Banerjee, recognizing the immense contributions and impact of the Derozians, described them as the pioneers of modern civilization in Bengal. Their rationalism, social reform initiatives, literary and cultural renaissance, political consciousness, and lasting influence on future generations make them deserving of such praise and veneration.

**Rammohan Roy's Language Proficiency**

**Introduction**
Rammohan Roy, also known as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was a prominent social and religious reformer in 19th century India. He was known for his efforts to abolish social evils and promote education and women's rights. Rammohan Roy was a polyglot and had proficiency in multiple languages.

**Languages Proficient in**
Rammohan Roy was proficient in the following languages:

1. **Sanskrit**: Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language and is considered the language of the gods in Hindu mythology. Rammohan Roy had a deep understanding of Sanskrit and studied various Hindu religious texts written in this language.

2. **Arabic**: Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by millions of people across the Arab world. Rammohan Roy had a good command over Arabic and studied Islamic texts written in this language. His knowledge of Arabic helped him to engage in debates and discussions with Muslim scholars.

3. **English**: Rammohan Roy had a strong command over the English language. He learned English during the British colonial rule in India and used it as a medium to communicate and express his ideas. He also translated several important works from English into Bengali and vice versa.

4. **Greek**: Greek is an ancient language that has had a significant impact on Western civilization. Rammohan Roy had proficiency in Greek and studied the works of Greek philosophers and scholars. His knowledge of Greek philosophy influenced his ideas on social and religious reforms.

5. **Hebrew**: Hebrew is a Semitic language and the language of the Jewish people. Rammohan Roy was proficient in Hebrew and studied Jewish religious texts written in this language. His understanding of Hebrew helped him to engage with Jewish scholars and understand their religious traditions.

**Conclusion**
Rammohan Roy's language proficiency was diverse and extensive. He was well-versed in Sanskrit, Arabic, English, Greek, and Hebrew. His knowledge of these languages enabled him to study and understand various religious and philosophical texts, engage in debates and discussions with scholars from different backgrounds, and promote his ideas of social and religious reforms. Rammohan Roy's language proficiency played a crucial role in his intellectual and social contributions to Indian society.

Raja Rammohan Roy, also known as the "Maker of Modern India," was a prominent social reformer, philosopher, and intellectual during the early 19th century. He played a significant role in various social, religious, and educational reforms in India. The correct answer to the given question is option 'A', which states that Raja Rammohan Roy attacked polygamy and the degraded conditions of widows, championed women's rights like the right of inheritance and property, and campaigned against the practice of Sati, succeeding in getting it abolished by the British Government.

I. Attack on Polygamy and the Degraded Conditions of Widows:
Rammohan Roy strongly criticized the prevalent practice of polygamy in society. He believed that polygamy led to the exploitation of women and the degradation of their status. He advocated for monogamy and stressed the importance of treating women with respect and equality. He also condemned the ill-treatment and neglect faced by widows in society. He emphasized the need to improve the conditions of widows and provide them with better social and economic opportunities.

II. Championing Women's Rights:
Rammohan Roy was a staunch advocate for women's rights and worked towards securing equal rights for women. He fought for the right of women to inherit property and advocated for their right to own and manage their own assets. He believed that women should have the same legal and social status as men. Rammohan Roy's efforts laid the foundation for the women's rights movement in India.

III. Campaign Against the Practice of Sati:
One of Rammohan Roy's most significant contributions was his campaign against the practice of Sati, which involved the immolation of widows on their husband's funeral pyres. He vehemently opposed this inhumane practice and considered it to be a violation of human rights. Rammohan Roy tirelessly campaigned against Sati by organizing public debates, publishing articles, and lobbying the British Government for its abolition. His efforts were successful, and in 1829, the British Government passed the Bengal Sati Regulation Act, which banned the practice of Sati.

IV. Fight for the Spread of Traditional Education through the Medium of Sanskrit:
Contrary to the given options, Rammohan Roy did not fight for the spread of traditional education through the medium of Sanskrit. Instead, he focused on advocating for modern education and the promotion of English as a medium of instruction. He believed that a knowledge of English and modern sciences would empower Indians and enable them to compete on a global level.

In conclusion, Raja Rammohan Roy played a crucial role in various social reforms in India. He attacked polygamy and the degraded conditions of widows, championed women's rights, and campaigned against the practice of Sati, ultimately succeeding in getting it abolished by the British Government. However, he did not fight for the spread of traditional education through the medium of Sanskrit.

Raja Rammohan Roy was a social reformer and founder of the Brahmo Samaj. He had several Indian associates who worked with him towards social reforms. Among them, Chandra Shekhar Dev was Rammohan Roy's foremost Indian associate.

Chandra Shekhar Dev's Contribution:

1. Collaboration with Raja Rammohan Roy: Chandra Shekhar Dev collaborated with Raja Rammohan Roy in several social reform movements. He worked with him towards the abolition of Sati and the promotion of women's education.

2. Support to Brahmo Samaj: Chandra Shekhar Dev was a staunch supporter of the Brahmo Samaj. He worked towards spreading the message of the Samaj and helped in its growth.

3. Education: Chandra Shekhar Dev was a strong advocate of education. He believed that education was the key to social and economic development. He established several schools and colleges to promote education among the masses.

4. Journalism: Chandra Shekhar Dev was also an active journalist. He established several newspapers and journals to spread the message of social reform and to raise awareness about the issues faced by the society.

Conclusion:

Chandra Shekhar Dev was a prominent social reformer who worked closely with Raja Rammohan Roy towards social reform. He made significant contributions towards the promotion of education, women's rights and the abolition of social evils. His work continues to inspire and influence social reform movements in India.

Rammohan Roy and the Campaign Against Sati

Rammohan Roy was a social reformer and intellectual in colonial India. He is known for his efforts to abolish the practice of sati, or widow burning, which was prevalent in certain regions of India at the time.

Setting Out to Arouse Public Opinion

Roy began his campaign against sati in the late 1810s and early 1820s. He believed that the practice was barbaric and had no basis in Hindu scripture or tradition. He set out to arouse public opinion on the question of sati by writing and speaking on the issue.

In 1818, he published a pamphlet titled "Thoughts on the Sati Question," in which he argued that sati was not only morally wrong, but also illegal according to British law. He also founded the Brahmo Samaj, a religious and social reform organization, which helped to spread his message.

Roy's efforts were initially met with resistance from traditionalists and conservative Hindus, who saw sati as a sacred and necessary practice. However, his arguments eventually gained traction, and his campaign helped to pave the way for the abolition of sati in 1829.

Conclusion

Therefore, we can conclude that Rammohan Roy set out to arouse public opinion on the question of sati in 1818, as he published a pamphlet titled "Thoughts on the Sati Question" in that year.

The correct answer is option 'A', Jotiba Phule.

Jotiba Phule was a social reformer, thinker, and activist who played a significant role in the social and educational upliftment of the marginalized communities in India. He founded the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha in 1884 as a platform to advocate for the rights and welfare of the lower castes and untouchables.

**The Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha:**
The Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha, also known as the Native Public Association, was established by Jotiba Phule in Pune, Maharashtra in 1884. It was one of the earliest organizations in India dedicated to social reform and the upliftment of the oppressed communities.

**Objectives:**
The main objective of the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha was to address the social inequities prevailing in society, particularly the caste-based discrimination and oppression faced by the lower castes and untouchables. The Sabha aimed to create awareness among the masses, promote social equality, and fight for the rights of the marginalized sections.

**Activities:**
The Sabha organized various activities and initiatives to achieve its objectives. It conducted public meetings, seminars, and discussions to raise awareness about caste-based discrimination and the need for social reform. The Sabha also played a crucial role in spreading education among the lower castes and untouchables by establishing schools and educational institutions.

**Impact:**
The establishment of the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha was a significant step towards creating a platform for the oppressed communities to voice their concerns and fight for their rights. It laid the foundation for the social reform movements that followed and inspired many other individuals and organizations to work towards social equality.

**Jotiba Phule's Contribution:**
Jotiba Phule, along with his wife Savitribai Phule, was at the forefront of the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He challenged the orthodox Brahmanical social order and fought against caste-based discrimination. Through his writings, speeches, and activism, he advocated for the rights and empowerment of the lower castes and untouchables. The establishment of the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha was one of his initiatives to bring about social change.

Phule's work laid the foundation for the future social reform movements led by leaders like B.R. Ambedkar and D.K. Karve. His ideas and efforts continue to inspire and guide the fight against social inequality and injustice in Indian society.

In conclusion, Jotiba Phule founded the Dinbandhu Sarvajanik Sabha in 1884 as a platform to advocate for the rights and welfare of the lower castes and untouchables. The Sabha played a significant role in raising awareness about social inequality and promoting social reform in India.

**The First Step Taken by the British Government for the Spread of Modern Education**

The correct answer to the question is option C, 1813. In this answer, we will explain why option C is the correct answer and provide some background information on the spread of modern education in India during British colonial rule.

**Background Information: British Colonial Rule in India**

The British East India Company established its presence in India in the 17th century and gradually gained control over various parts of the country. By the mid-18th century, the company had acquired significant political and economic power in India. This period marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India, which lasted until 1947.

During British colonial rule, the British government implemented several policies and reforms that had a significant impact on various aspects of Indian society, including education. The British saw education as a means to create a class of Indians who would be loyal to British rule and serve as intermediaries between the British and the Indian population.

**The Charter Act of 1813**

The Charter Act of 1813 was a significant legislative enactment passed by the British Parliament that had far-reaching implications for education in India. This act was an amendment to the earlier Charter Act of 1793, which had primarily focused on regulating the activities of the British East India Company.

**Provisions of the Charter Act of 1813**

The Charter Act of 1813 included several provisions related to education in India. Some of the key provisions are as follows:

1. **Grant for Education**: The act granted a sum of one lakh rupees (100,000 rupees) from the British government's revenues in India for the promotion of education in the country. This marked the first direct financial support from the British government for the spread of education in India.

2. **Christian Missionaries**: The act allowed Christian missionaries to enter India and establish educational institutions. The aim was to promote the spread of Western education, along with the propagation of Christianity.

3. **Oriental Learning**: The act also recognized the importance of Oriental learning, which encompassed traditional Indian subjects such as Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. To encourage the study of Oriental subjects, the act allocated funds for the establishment of Sanskrit and Arabic colleges in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Benares (now Varanasi).

**Significance of the Charter Act of 1813**

The Charter Act of 1813 was a significant milestone in the spread of modern education in India. It marked the first official recognition and support from the British government for the promotion of education in the country. The act laid the foundation for the establishment of educational institutions, both Western and Oriental, that played a crucial role in shaping modern education in India.

Furthermore, the act's provisions regarding Christian missionaries had a profound impact on education in India. Missionary schools and colleges played a crucial role in the spread of Western education, including subjects like English, mathematics, and science. These institutions contributed to the emergence of a new class of Indians who were exposed to Western ideas and knowledge.

In conclusion, the first step taken by the British government for the spread of modern education in India was through the Charter Act of 1813. This act provided financial support and established a framework for the establishment of educational institutions, both Western and Oriental. It also allowed Christian missionaries to enter India and play a significant role in the spread of education.

The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj is a division of Brahmoism formed as a result of schisms in the Brahmo Samaj in 1866 and 1878 respectively. The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was formed in a public meeting of Brahmos held in the Town Hall of Calcutta on 15 May 1878 (2nd Jaishta 1284 of the Bengali calendar). A letter from Maharshi Devendranath Tagore communicating his blessings and prayer for the success of the new Samaj was read in the meeting. At the time of its foundation the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was headed by three men universally esteemed in Brahmo society for their high moral character. They were Ananda Mohan Bose, Sib Nath Shastri and Umesh Chandra Dutta. Of those three Ananda Mohan Bose was the youngest, scarcely more than 31 years at the time, yet he was placed at the head of affairs.

**Raja Rammohan Roy died on 7th September 1833 at Bristol, United Kingdom.**

**Explanation:**

Raja Rammohan Roy was a prominent social reformer and intellectual from India who played a significant role in the Bengal Renaissance during the 19th century. He is often referred to as the "Father of the Indian Renaissance" for his efforts in promoting social, educational, and religious reforms in the country.

Raja Rammohan Roy traveled to the United Kingdom in 1830 with the intention of seeking reforms and support for his causes from the British government and influential individuals. During his stay in the UK, he actively participated in various intellectual circles and made significant contributions to the fields of education, law, and social reform.

Unfortunately, Raja Rammohan Roy's health began to deteriorate during his time in the UK. He suffered from various ailments, including liver disease. Despite his declining health, he continued to work towards his goals and engage in intellectual discussions.

On 27th August 1833, Raja Rammohan Roy fell seriously ill and was confined to bed. He received medical treatment, but his condition did not improve. Finally, on 7th September 1833, he passed away in Bristol, United Kingdom.

His death was a great loss to the intellectual and reformist community in India. Raja Rammohan Roy's contributions to social and religious reform, as well as his advocacy for women's rights, freedom of speech, and education, laid the foundation for many future reform movements in the country.

Raja Rammohan Roy's legacy continues to inspire generations, and his ideas and principles remain relevant today. He is remembered as a visionary leader who fought against social injustices and worked tirelessly for the betterment of society.

**Explanation:**

Vidyasagar, also known as Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, was a prominent social reformer and educator in 19th century India. He played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and worked towards improving their social status.

**Hindu Widow Remarriage Act:**

One of Vidyasagar's notable achievements was his contribution to the passing of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act. This act aimed to address the issue of the social stigma and hardships faced by Hindu widows who were not allowed to remarry. It provided legal recognition and support for widow remarriage in Hindu society.

**Timeline and Details:**

The correct answer to the given question is option 'B' (1856). The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was indeed passed in 1856. Here is a breakdown of the timeline and details surrounding the act:

1. **Background:** In traditional Hindu society, widows were often treated as social outcasts, subjected to various restrictions, and denied the right to remarry. This practice was deeply ingrained in societal norms and had severe consequences for widows, particularly in terms of social ostracization, economic difficulties, and emotional distress.

2. **Vidyasagar's Efforts:** Vidyasagar, recognizing the injustice and suffering faced by widows, campaigned tirelessly for widow remarriage rights. He believed that denying widows the opportunity to remarry was a violation of their basic human rights and contributed to their overall degradation.

3. **Public Awareness and Advocacy:** Vidyasagar used his position as the principal of Sanskrit College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) to raise awareness about the issue. He wrote extensively on widow remarriage and the need for social reform, publishing influential works such as "Barna Parichay" and "Bidhaba Bibaha," which highlighted the plight of widows.

4. **Lobbying for Legislative Change:** Vidyasagar's activism and writings gained significant public support and brought attention to the need for legal reforms. He actively lobbied the British colonial government, which held legislative power in India at the time, to pass a law that would legalize widow remarriage among Hindus.

5. **Passing of the Act:** Vidyasagar's efforts bore fruit when the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was finally passed in 1856. The act allowed Hindu widows to remarry, provided certain conditions were met. It aimed to remove the stigma associated with widowhood and give widows the opportunity to lead a dignified life.

6. **Impact and Significance:** The passing of the act was a significant milestone in the women's rights movement in India. It challenged deeply entrenched social norms and paved the way for future reforms aimed at improving the status and rights of women in Indian society.

In conclusion, Vidyasagar's relentless efforts and advocacy for widow remarriage rights led to the passing of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act in 1856. This act played a crucial role in addressing the social stigma faced by Hindu widows and granting them the legal right to remarry.

The correct answer is option 'A' - G.H. Deshmukh.

Lokahitawadi, whose real name was Gopal Hari Deshmukh, was a prominent social reformer and writer during the 19th century in Maharashtra, India. He is known for his significant contributions towards social and political reforms in the country.

Born in 1823 in Maharashtra, G.H. Deshmukh began his career as a teacher and later became a journalist and writer. He adopted the pen-name 'Lokahitawadi' which means 'one who works for the welfare of the people'. Under this pen-name, he wrote numerous articles, pamphlets, and books addressing various social issues prevalent during that time.

Below are some of the notable contributions of Lokahitawadi (G.H. Deshmukh) towards social reforms in India:

1. Social Reforms: Lokahitawadi played a crucial role in promoting social reforms and advocating for the upliftment of marginalized sections of society. He strongly condemned the caste system and advocated for the rights and equality of lower-caste individuals. He also emphasized the need for women's education and their empowerment.

2. Education: G.H. Deshmukh believed that education was the key to social progress and worked towards promoting education among all sections of society. He established schools and educational institutions to provide quality education to children, especially those from marginalized communities.

3. Journalism: As a journalist, Lokahitawadi used his pen to expose the social evils and injustices prevailing in society. He wrote extensively on issues such as child marriage, untouchability, and the exploitation of women. His writings had a significant impact and helped create awareness among the masses.

4. Political Reforms: G.H. Deshmukh actively participated in the political movements of his time. He advocated for political reforms and the establishment of a representative government. He believed in the principles of democracy and worked towards creating awareness among the people about their rights and responsibilities as citizens.

5. Literary Contributions: Lokahitawadi's literary works encompassed a wide range of subjects, including social, political, and cultural issues. His writings were influential in shaping public opinion and inspiring people to work towards social change.

In conclusion, Lokahitawadi, also known as G.H. Deshmukh, became famous under his pen-name for his significant contributions towards social and political reforms in India. Through his writings and activism, he played a pivotal role in challenging social injustices and advocating for the welfare of the people.

Rammohan Roy was a social reformer who worked towards the upliftment of women in India. He demanded several reforms to raise the status of women. Let's discuss them in detail:

Women's right of inheritance and property:
- Rammohan Roy demanded that women should be given the right to inherit property and own it.
- He believed that this would provide women with economic independence and help them gain a respectable position in society.
- He also argued that denying women the right to inherit property was a violation of their basic human rights.

The abolition of polygamy:
- Rammohan Roy was against the practice of polygamy, which allowed men to have multiple wives.
- He believed that this practice was harmful to women and perpetuated gender inequality.
- He argued that monogamy would promote equality between men and women and help create a more just society.

The encouragement of widow remarriage:
- Rammohan Roy advocated for the remarriage of widows, which was considered taboo in Indian society at the time.
- He believed that widows should not be stigmatized and forced to live a life of isolation and loneliness.
- He argued that allowing widows to remarry would provide them with a second chance at happiness and help them regain their social status.

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy demanded several reforms to raise the status of women in India, including the right of inheritance and property, the abolition of polygamy, and the encouragement of widow remarriage. These reforms were crucial in promoting gender equality and empowering women in Indian society.

Prathna Samaj: Background and Establishment

The Prathna Samaj was a reformist movement that originated in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1867. It aimed to bring about social and religious reforms in Indian society, particularly among the Hindus. The movement was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen, a prominent social reformer and religious leader.

Role of Keshav Chandra Sen

Keshav Chandra Sen played a crucial role in the establishment and development of the Prathna Samaj. He was born in 1838 in Bengal and later became a disciple of the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist movement founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Inspired by the ideals of the Brahmo Samaj, Keshav Chandra Sen sought to bring about similar reforms among the Hindu community in Bombay.

Motives and Objectives of the Prathna Samaj

The Prathna Samaj aimed to address several social and religious issues prevalent in Indian society during the 19th century. Some of the key motives and objectives of the Prathna Samaj were:

1. Abolition of idol worship: The movement sought to discourage the worship of idols and promote a more rational and monotheistic form of worship.

2. Women's education and empowerment: The Prathna Samaj advocated for the education and empowerment of women, challenging the orthodox practices that restricted their rights and opportunities.

3. Caste and social equality: The movement aimed to eradicate caste discrimination and promote social equality among all sections of society.

4. Promotion of widow remarriage: The Samaj strongly advocated for the practice of widow remarriage, challenging the prevalent social stigma associated with it.

Impact and Legacy

The Prathna Samaj made significant contributions to the social and religious reform movements in India. Some of its notable achievements include:

1. Spreading education: The movement established several schools and educational institutions to promote literacy and modern education among the masses.

2. Women's empowerment: The Prathna Samaj played a crucial role in promoting women's education and advocating for their rights, contributing to the emergence of women leaders and activists in Indian society.

3. Social reforms: The movement's efforts to eradicate caste discrimination and promote social equality paved the way for a more inclusive and egalitarian society.

4. Influence on other reform movements: The Prathna Samaj served as an inspiration for other reformist movements, such as the Arya Samaj and the Brahmo Samaj, which further contributed to the social and religious reforms in India.

Therefore, it is evident that Keshav Chandra Sen was the founder of the Prathna Samaj in Bombay in 1867. His leadership and vision played a pivotal role in shaping the objectives and achievements of the movement.

Arya Samaj, (Sanskrit: “Society of Nobles”) vigorous reform movement of modern Hinduism, founded in 1875 by Dayananda Sarasvati, whose aim was to reestablish the Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures, as revealed truth. The Arya Samaj has always had its largest following in western and northern India.

Rammohan Roy was a social reformer who played a key role in the Bengal Renaissance. He was born in 1772 in Bengal and he died in Bristol, England in 1833. He was a great scholar in Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, and he was also proficient in English. He was a firm believer in the monotheistic principles of Hinduism and he sought to reform the religion to remove the superstitions and rituals that had crept into it over time.

Brahmo Samaj

In 1828, Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious society. The society's main purpose was to purify Hinduism and to preach theism, which is the worship of a single God. The society was open to all people, regardless of their caste or religion. The Brahmo Samaj was based on the principles of reason, faith, and love.

Goals of Brahmo Samaj

The goals of the Brahmo Samaj were:

1. To promote monotheism and to reject polytheism.

2. To reject idolatry and to promote the worship of an unseen God.

3. To reject the caste system and to promote social equality.

4. To promote education, especially for women.

5. To promote social and moral reform.

Impact of Brahmo Samaj

The Brahmo Samaj had a significant impact on Indian society. It inspired many social reform movements, including the movement against child marriage, the movement for women's education, and the movement for the abolition of the caste system. The Brahmo Samaj also played a key role in the Indian independence movement, as many of its members were also involved in the struggle for freedom from British rule.

Conclusion

Rammohan Roy's Brahmo Samaj was a significant movement in the history of India. It sought to reform Hinduism and to promote the worship of a single God. The society had a profound impact on Indian society, inspiring many social reform movements and playing a key role in the struggle for independence.

Swami Dayanand's Rationalist Approach
Swami Dayanand Saraswati was a prominent figure in the 19th-century revival of Hinduism, known for his rationalist perspective towards the Vedas and religious practices.
Interpretation of Vedas
- Dayanand emphasized that the Vedas, considered the foundational texts of Hinduism, should not be accepted blindly.
- He advocated for an individual interpretation of these texts rather than relying on traditional or dogmatic views.
- This approach encourages critical thinking and personal judgment, aligning with rationalist principles.
Critique of Superstitions
- While option 'B' is the correct answer, it is important to note that Dayanand also rejected superstitions and rituals that lacked a rational basis.
- He urged followers to question and discard practices that did not align with the moral and ethical teachings of the Vedas.
Questioning in Dharma
- Dayanand believed that the teachings of the Vedas should be scrutinized through the lens of Dharma (righteousness).
- This philosophy allowed for a more dynamic and reasoned approach to spirituality, which contrasts with static adherence to tradition.
Conclusion
Therefore, while options 'A' and 'C' reflect aspects of Dayanand's rationalist approach, option 'B' specifically highlights the importance he placed on personal interpretation, making it the most accurate choice in the context of his rationalist philosophy.

Explanation:


Samachar Darpan was the first vernacular paper in India, which was started during the period of Lord Hastings. The paper was launched on May 23, 1818, by the Serampore Mission in Kolkata, West Bengal. The mission was founded by William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward, who were English Baptist missionaries. This paper is considered a milestone in the history of Indian journalism as it marked the beginning of the Indian Press.

Lord Hastings:


Lord Hastings was the Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823. He was instrumental in promoting education and social reforms in India. During his tenure, several important institutions were established, including the Hindu College in Kolkata and the Medical College in Calcutta. He also encouraged the growth of the Indian Press and supported the publication of Indian newspapers and journals.

Significance of Samachar Darpan:


Samachar Darpan was significant for several reasons. Firstly, it was the first newspaper to be printed in an Indian language. Prior to this, all newspapers in India were published in English. Secondly, it was the first newspaper to be published by Indians for Indians. The paper was written and edited by Indian journalists and catered to the needs and interests of the Indian readership. Thirdly, it played a critical role in shaping public opinion and promoting social and political reforms in India. The paper covered a wide range of topics, including education, health, social customs, and politics.

Conclusion:


In conclusion, Samachar Darpan was a landmark in the history of Indian journalism and played a significant role in promoting social and political reforms in India. The paper paved the way for the growth of the Indian Press and set the stage for the emergence of a vibrant and diverse media landscape in India.

The correct answer is option 'A', Charles Metcalfe.

Charles Metcalfe, also known as Lord Metcalfe, was the Governor-General of India from 1835 to 1836. He is known as the "Liberator of the Indian Press" for his contribution towards the freedom of the press in India.

Freedom of the Press in India
During the British rule in India, the press was not free, and the government had a tight grip on what could be published. The press was censored, and editors were punished for publishing articles that were critical of the government. This led to a lack of freedom of expression, and the Indian public had limited access to information.

Contribution of Charles Metcalfe
Charles Metcalfe believed in the freedom of the press and was against censorship. He believed that the press should be free to criticize the government and express their opinions. During his tenure as the Governor-General of India, he introduced several measures that promoted the freedom of the press.

• Removal of Press Regulations: Metcalfe removed the press regulations that were in place, which allowed the press to publish articles freely without government intervention.

• Abolition of Press Licensing System: Metcalfe abolished the press licensing system, which allowed anyone to start a newspaper without government approval.

• Freedom of Speech: Metcalfe believed in the freedom of speech and allowed public debate and criticism of the government without fear of punishment.

These measures had a significant impact on the Indian press and paved the way for the freedom of the press in India. Metcalfe's contribution earned him the epithet "Liberator of the Indian Press."

Conclusion
Charles Metcalfe played a crucial role in the freedom of the press in India. His measures allowed the press to publish articles without government intervention, and it led to the growth of the Indian press. Metcalfe's contribution towards the freedom of the press earned him the title "Liberator of the Indian Press."

The correct answer is option B) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a prominent social reformer, educationist, and intellectual during the 19th century in India. He played a vital role in the development of education in Bengal and made significant contributions to the field of Sanskrit teaching.

**Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Contribution to Sanskrit Teaching:**

**1. Introduction of New Teaching Techniques:**
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar introduced a new technique of teaching Sanskrit known as the "Barnaparichay" method. This method aimed to simplify the learning of Sanskrit by breaking down complex grammatical rules into simple and understandable components. It focused on teaching the alphabet and basic grammar rules in a systematic manner, making it easier for students to grasp the language.

**2. Writing of a Bengali Primer:**
To facilitate the learning of Sanskrit, Vidyasagar wrote a Bengali primer titled "Barnaparichay." This primer served as a foundational text for beginners and provided a step-by-step guide to learning the Sanskrit language. It explained the pronunciation, formation, and usage of different letters, words, and sentences. Vidyasagar's Bengali primer is still widely used in schools and educational institutions in Bengal for teaching Sanskrit.

**3. Popularizing Sanskrit Education:**
Vidyasagar believed in promoting Sanskrit education among the masses. He established several schools and colleges that offered Sanskrit as a subject in their curriculum. He emphasized the importance of learning Sanskrit as it provided a strong foundation for understanding Indian culture, literature, and philosophy. Vidyasagar's efforts in popularizing Sanskrit education had a significant impact on the revitalization of Sanskrit studies in Bengal.

In conclusion, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a renowned social reformer and educationist, evolved a new technique of teaching Sanskrit and wrote a Bengali primer titled "Barnaparichay." This primer simplified the learning of Sanskrit and is still used today in Bengal for teaching the language. Vidyasagar's contributions played a crucial role in the development and popularization of Sanskrit education in Bengal.

The perception of some Indians that modern Western thought provided the key to the regeneration of their society can be attributed to several factors. These factors include the influence of modern science, the appeal of doctrines of reason and humanism, and the demands for modernization from different segments of Indian society.

1. Modern Science:
One reason why some Indians felt that modern Western thought could regenerate their society is the impact of modern science. The advancements and achievements in scientific fields such as technology, medicine, and industry impressed many Indians. They recognized the practical benefits and progress that modern science brought to Western societies and believed that adopting these scientific methods and principles could lead to the development and improvement of their own society.

2. Doctrines of Reason and Humanism:
The doctrines of reason and humanism, which were prominent in Western thought, also appealed to some Indians. These doctrines emphasized the importance of rational thinking, critical inquiry, and the promotion of human welfare and rights. Indians who were influenced by these ideas saw them as a potential solution to the social, economic, and political challenges facing their country. They believed that embracing these principles could lead to the transformation and regeneration of Indian society.

3. Demand for Modernization:
Another reason why some Indians looked to Western thought for regeneration was the demand for modernization from various segments of society. The capitalist class, the working class, and the modern intelligentsia recognized the need for modernization in order to advance their own interests. The capitalist class sought industrialization and economic growth, the working class sought better working conditions and improved standards of living, and the modern intelligentsia sought intellectual progress and societal reforms. These groups saw Western thought and practices as a means to achieve their goals and therefore advocated for the adoption of Western ideas and methods.

In conclusion, the perception of some Indians that modern Western thought provided the key to the regeneration of their society was influenced by the impact of modern science, the appeal of doctrines of reason and humanism, and the demands for modernization from different segments of Indian society. These factors collectively led some Indians to believe that adopting Western ideas and practices could bring progress and development to their own society.

**Answer:**

In 1809, Rammohan Roy wrote a book titled "Gift to Monotheists" in which he advocated the worship of a single God. Interestingly, this work was written in Persian.

**Importance of Persian Language:**

1. Historical Context: During the 18th and 19th centuries, Persian was a widely used language in the Indian subcontinent, especially among the educated elite. It served as a lingua franca for administration, trade, and cultural exchange.

2. Influence of Persian Literature: Persian literature had a significant impact on Indian intellectuals, including Rammohan Roy. Many renowned Persian poets and writers were highly regarded, and their works were studied and appreciated by scholars.

3. Persian and Islamic Influence: The Persian language was associated with Islamic scholarship and culture, which played a crucial role in shaping the religious and intellectual landscape of India. Rammohan Roy's decision to write in Persian may have been influenced by the desire to engage with the Islamic scholars and intellectuals of his time.

4. Reach and Accessibility: Writing in Persian allowed Rammohan Roy's ideas to reach a wider audience. Persian was widely spoken and understood by the educated class, both among Muslims and Hindus. By using Persian, Roy ensured that his message would reach a diverse group of people and initiate meaningful discussions.

5. Intellectual Discourse: The use of Persian language in Rammohan Roy's work also reflected the intellectual environment of the time. Many scholars and reformers engaged in debates and discussions in Persian, making it a language of intellectual discourse.

6. Persian as a Medium for Religious Ideas: Persian had a rich tradition of religious and philosophical texts. Rammohan Roy, being well-versed in Persian literature, may have found it suitable to express his ideas about monotheism and religious reform in a language that had a long-standing tradition of discussing such topics.

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy's decision to write "Gift to Monotheists" in Persian was influenced by the historical, cultural, and intellectual context of the time. Persian served as a means to engage with a wider audience, including both Muslims and Hindus, and allowed his ideas to be part of the ongoing religious and intellectual discourse.

**Explanation:**

Rammohan Roy, also known as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was a prominent social reformer and intellectual in early 19th-century India. He played a vital role in promoting social, political, and educational reforms in the country. One of his objectives was to bridge the gap between different religious communities in India, particularly between Hinduism and Christianity.

**Incorporating the Moral Message of Christ in Hinduism**

Rammohan Roy believed that the high moral message of Christ, which emphasized principles such as love, compassion, and equality, could greatly benefit Hindu society. He saw Christianity as a source of moral teachings that could help reform Hinduism and bring about a more inclusive and ethical society. Rammohan Roy aimed to incorporate these moral teachings of Christ into the Hindu religious framework.

**Hostility of Missionaries**

However, Rammohan Roy's efforts to incorporate the moral message of Christ into Hinduism did not sit well with the missionaries. The missionaries were representatives of Christian religious organizations who aimed to spread Christianity and convert people to the faith. They saw Rammohan Roy's approach as a dilution of Christian teachings and a threat to their missionary work.

The missionaries believed that the unique aspects of Christianity should be preserved and that Rammohan Roy's proposal would undermine their efforts to convert Hindus to Christianity. They felt that by incorporating Christian principles into Hinduism, there would be less incentive for Hindus to convert to Christianity.

**Conflict of Interests**

As a result, the missionaries became hostile towards Rammohan Roy and his ideas. They saw him as a challenge to their religious authority and as someone who was compromising the distinctiveness of Christianity. They opposed his attempts to blend the moral message of Christ with Hinduism.

It is important to note that Rammohan Roy's ideas also faced opposition from other quarters, such as the conservative elements within Hindu society and some Indian Muslims. However, the question specifically asks about the hostility of the missionaries, which was indeed a significant aspect of the opposition he faced.

**Conclusion**

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy's desire to incorporate the high moral message of Christ into Hinduism got him the hostility of the missionaries. They saw his approach as a threat to their missionary work and the distinctiveness of Christianity. Despite facing opposition, Rammohan Roy's efforts laid the foundation for the religious and social reforms that would shape modern India.

**Answer:**

The correct answer is option 'A' - North India.

**Explanation:**

The Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Bombay (now Mumbai). It aimed to reform and revive Hinduism, particularly in North India.

**The Arya Samaj in North India:**

1. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, was born in Gujarat and initially started his reformist activities in the western region of India. However, he later shifted his focus to North India, particularly Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

2. In Punjab, the Arya Samaj gained significant popularity and support, as it appealed to the Punjabi people who were seeking a reformation of their traditional religious practices.

3. The Arya Samaj established its first major center in Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1877. Lahore became a prominent hub for the activities and growth of the Arya Samaj in North India.

4. The reformist ideas and teachings of the Arya Samaj gained traction among the educated middle class and upper-caste Hindus in North India. They were attracted to the emphasis on Vedic knowledge, rationality, and social reform.

5. The Arya Samaj actively worked towards the abolition of social evils like child marriage, caste discrimination, untouchability, and the oppression of women. It promoted education and encouraged the use of vernacular languages.

6. Swami Dayanand Saraswati traveled extensively throughout North India, delivering discourses, establishing branches of the Arya Samaj, and spreading his reformist message.

7. The Arya Samaj's influence grew rapidly in North India, and it played a significant role in shaping the religious and social landscape of the region.

8. Today, the Arya Samaj continues to have a strong presence and influence in North India, with numerous branches, educational institutions, and followers.

In summary, the Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, primarily undertook the task of reforming Hinduism in North India, particularly in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It gained popularity among the educated middle class and upper-caste Hindus and actively worked towards social reforms and the revival of Vedic knowledge.

Rabindranath Tagore's Remark on Rammohan Roy
Rabindranath Tagore, the eminent poet and thinker, recognized the profound impact of Rammohan Roy on Indian society and the modern world. His acknowledgment highlights Rammohan's visionary role in ushering in a new era of thought and reform.
Significance of Rammohan Roy
- Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) is often referred to as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance."
- He played a crucial role in social reform, advocating for women's rights, education, and the abolition of practices like Sati.
- His efforts to harmonize Eastern and Western philosophies laid the groundwork for modern Indian thought.
Modern Age Realization
- Tagore's statement reflects Rammohan's unparalleled understanding of the changes brought about by the Modern Age.
- He was one of the first to grasp the importance of rationalism and humanism, standing against dogmas and superstitions prevalent in society.
- Rammohan's advocacy for education and enlightenment positioned him as a precursor to later reform movements in India.
Influence on Future Leaders
- Rammohan's ideas inspired subsequent leaders like Swami Vivekanand and Mahatma Gandhi, who furthered the quest for a modern, progressive India.
- His vision of a society based on equality and knowledge has had a lasting legacy, influencing generations to come.
Conclusion
In recognizing Rammohan Roy's unique insights during his time, Tagore emphasized the relevance of reformist thought in the context of a rapidly changing world. Rammohan’s contributions continue to resonate today, illustrating the transformative power of visionary leadership in shaping society.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Atmiya Sabha.

Explanation:
Rammohan Roy, a social reformer and educationist, settled in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1814. He was deeply concerned about the prevalent social and religious evils among Hindus in Bengal. To address these issues, he sought the cooperation of young men who shared his vision for reform.

Rammohan Roy started an organization called Atmiya Sabha in 1814. Atmiya means 'friendly' or 'brotherly' in Sanskrit and reflects the purpose of the organization, which was to foster a sense of brotherhood and unity among its members. The Atmiya Sabha aimed to fight against various religious and social customs that Rammohan Roy considered oppressive and detrimental to society.

The establishment of Atmiya Sabha was significant as it marked the beginning of organized efforts towards social reform in Bengal. Rammohan Roy and his supporters utilized this platform to discuss and debate various issues, propose reforms, and raise awareness among the Hindu community.

The Atmiya Sabha played a crucial role in challenging and reforming regressive practices prevalent among Hindus, such as the practice of Sati (widow burning), child marriage, caste discrimination, and the rigid orthodoxy of the Brahminical order. Rammohan Roy and his followers used the platform to advocate for the abolition of such practices and promote social equality, education, and rationality.

The Atmiya Sabha also contributed to the rise of a new intellectual and social consciousness in Bengal. It provided a space for like-minded individuals to come together, exchange ideas, and work towards a common goal of social reform. This organization laid the foundation for the broader socio-religious reform movements that emerged in Bengal in the 19th century.

In conclusion, Rammohan Roy started the Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta in 1814 as an organization to fight against religious and social evils prevalent among Hindus in Bengal. This institution played a significant role in initiating and promoting social reforms and fostering a sense of unity and brotherhood among its members.

**Explanation:**

The correct answer is option A, Jotiba Phule.

**Jotiba Phule**
- Jotiba Phule, also known as Mahatma Phule, was born into a low-caste Mali family in Maharashtra, India in 1827.
- He was a social reformer, thinker, and activist who dedicated his life to fighting against caste-based discrimination and advocating for the rights of lower castes and women.
- Phule believed in the equality of all individuals and campaigned against the domination of upper castes, particularly the Brahmins, who held significant power and influence in society.
- He challenged the Brahmanical supremacy and criticized the oppressive caste system that perpetuated social inequality and discrimination.
- Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) in 1873, which aimed to promote education and social equality among all castes and genders.
- He believed that education was the key to social upliftment and worked towards the empowerment of marginalized communities through the spread of education.
- Phule opened schools for lower castes and women, emphasizing the importance of education in breaking the cycle of social oppression.
- He also wrote several influential books and pamphlets, including "Gulamgiri" and "Shetkaryacha Asud," which exposed the injustices faced by lower castes and advocated for their rights.
- Phule's efforts were instrumental in challenging the rigid caste hierarchy and laying the foundation for the social reform movements that followed.
- His contributions to the empowerment of marginalized communities and his relentless campaign against caste-based discrimination have made him an important figure in the history of social reform in India.

In conclusion, Jotiba Phule was born in a low-caste Mali family and spent his life fighting against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy. He dedicated himself to the empowerment of marginalized communities and the promotion of education as a means of social upliftment.